Hand, foot and mouth disease is mainly caused by the intestinal virus, 4 years of age the baby susceptible to this disease. Is the source of infection in children and healthy persons carrying the virus.
Pediatric doctor in an interview with reporters, pointed out that every year at the turn of the incidence of summer, September is the peak of the last month, parents need to pay attention to. Baby suffering from hand, foot and mouth disease, is coughing and drooling, not love things, there are still some small voice blisters. The most typical process is the onset of fever medium heat (temperature at 39 ℃ or less), and then there pharyngodynia, child performance drooling, poor feeding. Children with no complications, about a week to recover. There will be a small number of children with nervous system symptoms, complications secondary to aseptic meningitis and skin infections, but very few after-effects.
Expert advice: the use of oral therapy and a variety of Banlangen Chongji vitamins, or antibiotics, cod liver oil coated the mouth, anti-inflammatory analgesic. If the children had oral ulcers, salty food should be avoided, or because of pain and the baby refused to eat.
Close NOTE: In the epidemic season and less to public places with your baby. The best preventive measure is the isolation of children, infants and young children to enhance health and reduce opportunities for transmission.
Friday, July 31, 2009
With baby to see a doctor four attention
Sick children, parents can imagine the feelings, but do not upset the ground, children's hospitals, the attention must not forget the four.
First of all, do not rely too much on the big hospitals. Most cases, the child's illness is often a cold, flu, diarrhea and other diseases, their treatment of the same treatment in general hospitals, so close to more timely treatment. However, some parents rely too much on the big hospitals. According to statistics, Beijing Children's Hospital to treat children, upper respiratory tract infection, 60% ~ 70%, and other common diseases accounted for 10% ~ 20%. Parents may have forgotten, the hospital is a place where patients, hospitals, the larger the patient the more concentrated, the indoor environment will be seriously contaminated. The children look at a disease, generally stay in the hospital at least 23 hours, their resistance to poor sick children, in such an environment to stay for so long, it is easy through direct contact with respiratory or provoke other channels such as bacteria, unless these have added the old disease caused by a new disease. Therefore, children should first select the nearest ill treatment. In addition, children should see a doctor to take appropriate protective measures, such as wearing a mask to the child, as far as possible away from children with respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases and to avoid direct contact with children. After returning home, parents and children should wash their hands thoroughly, before the parents take their children to wash their hands.
Secondly, while trying not to worry. After the doctor had drugs, the children have a condition of the improvement of the overall process, such as viral influenza, diarrhea and other diseases, as long as had been properly treated, most for about 1 week will be able to recover naturally. But some parents of a sick child to worry, panic, as long as the child does not bring down a fever, running on several hospitals with children, hopes to obtain the "effect of a needle" effect. But parents have missed the point: Wherever he went, the doctor should start from the understanding of his illness, re-examine virtually wasted a lot of time. Sick children, the need for medication on time, good rest, too much travel do more harm than good. Such as fever, it is the symptoms of many diseases, the root causes of the disease is not resolved, service antipyretics, over 3 to 4 hours after the body temperature can rise again. Antipyretics after serving drink plenty of water cooling in order to better play the role of the high and low temperature at the same time not entirely representative of the severity of the disease. If the child the spirit of good, there is no unusual crying, severe vomiting or ventilation, etc. do not have to busy to go to the hospital. However, after taking the children, parents observed that if the disease has nothing to do with the original situation or other adverse reactions occur, it must stop immediately, go to the hospital for treatment.
Third, tell a doctor conditions Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the important information. Appropriate narrative condition to enable the child to be a timely and effective treatment, and reduce the referral. Doctors need to be aware of the situation in general are: time of onset, the main symptoms of the disease process of change, follow-up visits would also like to note the effects of medication; sometimes doctors have to understand what the past suffered from disease, had any vaccination, such as which drug allergy . Small children, and sometimes not very accurately, so the parents to go to the hospital should be done to consider these circumstances and to the doctors, when the doctor asked the question, can be answered quickly and accurately.
Fourth, the child's physical discomfort, there is a need to remind parents to pay attention to the problem. If the children say leg pain, stomach pain, frequent urination, etc., and 4 are unable to vote in the medical illness had children, you may wish to bring their children to child health clinics, perhaps because you had children, "the growth and development of disease." This disease is due to the growth and development of children in the process, caused by immature development of neuro-psychology, especially the autonomic dysfunction of the most obvious. The common characteristics of these diseases are: a recurring problem, the symptoms varied; the examinations no anomaly; own ease; with age, such diseases and more will be dead. If the child had confirmed "the growth and development of the disease," First of all, parents should fully understand the condition, the lifting of ideological concerns, as about 1 / 3 of normal children may be the occurrence of the above symptoms, it is not so much a disease, it is better to say that it is a physiological phenomenon. Second, to understand their children's learning and living conditions, difficult to lift them from their studies, families at odds, partners and other reasons not caused by anxiety, depression mood. When the "growth pain" and "idiopathic chest pain" attack should be to reduce the volume of activities to remind children to avoid fatigue; and "orthostatic dysregulation" of the child, should be to strengthen the physical training, such as running, swimming, cold, etc. and to ensure adequate sleep; suffering from "recurrent abdominal pain" children should eat more fruits, vegetables, beans and other easy to eat less food and gas cold, hot pepper and other irritating foods, and to develop regular bowel habits. The growth of disease more children can go to the hospital, asked the doctors to decide whether or not to eat some oral painkillers and sedatives.
First of all, do not rely too much on the big hospitals. Most cases, the child's illness is often a cold, flu, diarrhea and other diseases, their treatment of the same treatment in general hospitals, so close to more timely treatment. However, some parents rely too much on the big hospitals. According to statistics, Beijing Children's Hospital to treat children, upper respiratory tract infection, 60% ~ 70%, and other common diseases accounted for 10% ~ 20%. Parents may have forgotten, the hospital is a place where patients, hospitals, the larger the patient the more concentrated, the indoor environment will be seriously contaminated. The children look at a disease, generally stay in the hospital at least 23 hours, their resistance to poor sick children, in such an environment to stay for so long, it is easy through direct contact with respiratory or provoke other channels such as bacteria, unless these have added the old disease caused by a new disease. Therefore, children should first select the nearest ill treatment. In addition, children should see a doctor to take appropriate protective measures, such as wearing a mask to the child, as far as possible away from children with respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases and to avoid direct contact with children. After returning home, parents and children should wash their hands thoroughly, before the parents take their children to wash their hands.
Secondly, while trying not to worry. After the doctor had drugs, the children have a condition of the improvement of the overall process, such as viral influenza, diarrhea and other diseases, as long as had been properly treated, most for about 1 week will be able to recover naturally. But some parents of a sick child to worry, panic, as long as the child does not bring down a fever, running on several hospitals with children, hopes to obtain the "effect of a needle" effect. But parents have missed the point: Wherever he went, the doctor should start from the understanding of his illness, re-examine virtually wasted a lot of time. Sick children, the need for medication on time, good rest, too much travel do more harm than good. Such as fever, it is the symptoms of many diseases, the root causes of the disease is not resolved, service antipyretics, over 3 to 4 hours after the body temperature can rise again. Antipyretics after serving drink plenty of water cooling in order to better play the role of the high and low temperature at the same time not entirely representative of the severity of the disease. If the child the spirit of good, there is no unusual crying, severe vomiting or ventilation, etc. do not have to busy to go to the hospital. However, after taking the children, parents observed that if the disease has nothing to do with the original situation or other adverse reactions occur, it must stop immediately, go to the hospital for treatment.
Third, tell a doctor conditions Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the important information. Appropriate narrative condition to enable the child to be a timely and effective treatment, and reduce the referral. Doctors need to be aware of the situation in general are: time of onset, the main symptoms of the disease process of change, follow-up visits would also like to note the effects of medication; sometimes doctors have to understand what the past suffered from disease, had any vaccination, such as which drug allergy . Small children, and sometimes not very accurately, so the parents to go to the hospital should be done to consider these circumstances and to the doctors, when the doctor asked the question, can be answered quickly and accurately.
Fourth, the child's physical discomfort, there is a need to remind parents to pay attention to the problem. If the children say leg pain, stomach pain, frequent urination, etc., and 4 are unable to vote in the medical illness had children, you may wish to bring their children to child health clinics, perhaps because you had children, "the growth and development of disease." This disease is due to the growth and development of children in the process, caused by immature development of neuro-psychology, especially the autonomic dysfunction of the most obvious. The common characteristics of these diseases are: a recurring problem, the symptoms varied; the examinations no anomaly; own ease; with age, such diseases and more will be dead. If the child had confirmed "the growth and development of the disease," First of all, parents should fully understand the condition, the lifting of ideological concerns, as about 1 / 3 of normal children may be the occurrence of the above symptoms, it is not so much a disease, it is better to say that it is a physiological phenomenon. Second, to understand their children's learning and living conditions, difficult to lift them from their studies, families at odds, partners and other reasons not caused by anxiety, depression mood. When the "growth pain" and "idiopathic chest pain" attack should be to reduce the volume of activities to remind children to avoid fatigue; and "orthostatic dysregulation" of the child, should be to strengthen the physical training, such as running, swimming, cold, etc. and to ensure adequate sleep; suffering from "recurrent abdominal pain" children should eat more fruits, vegetables, beans and other easy to eat less food and gas cold, hot pepper and other irritating foods, and to develop regular bowel habits. The growth of disease more children can go to the hospital, asked the doctors to decide whether or not to eat some oral painkillers and sedatives.
Error of four cases of child diarrhea
Diarrhea is common in children of the summer and autumn. It is precisely because of common, there are many parents experience with the old, take it for granted to deal with, the result is just the opposite.
Diarrhea is common in children of the summer and autumn. It is precisely because of common, there are many parents experience with the old, take it for granted to deal with, the result is just the opposite. Do not believe? Looked at a number of cases following it.
Comments: civil advocate the use of fasting on acute diarrhea 8 to 12 hours or even 24-hour hunger therapy is actually wrong. Studies have shown that even when acute diarrhea, children with gastrointestinal tract function of digestion and absorption can not completely disappeared, the absorption of nutrients can reach the normal 60% ~ 90%. Hunger is not only a longer period of time is not conducive to the maintenance of nutrition in children, but also to further deterioration of nutritional status and the impact of intestinal repair, update, reducing the absorptive capacity of the small intestine, so that decreased immunity, repeated infections, the final cause "diarrhea - malnutrition - easily lead to diarrhea, "a vicious cycle. Thus, children with acute diarrhea should continue feeding. Breast-feeding infants and children are free of water, artificial feeding infants can be fed diluted milk (1 milk, add water, 2) 2 ~ 3 days, then gradually increased to the whole milk, more than six months in children with the use of rice soup, Black rice or noodles, and for some fresh fruit or fruit juice to supplement potassium, plus some cooked vegetable oils, vegetables, meat or fish at the end, but by less need to have more gradual transition to normal eating habits.
Comments: Acute diarrhea is a major risk of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance acidosis. According to statistics, in children with dehydration caused by diarrhea is more than 90% of mild and moderate dehydration, only 10% of severe dehydration, and intravenous infusion is only applicable to moderate to severe dehydration. Other symptoms of over-transfusion in children will not only increase the pain and financial burden on parents, sometimes caused by infusion reaction occurred in a deterioration in their conditions.
Is generally believed that concurrent with acute diarrhea in children with mild to moderate dehydration, treatment of choice for high-performance and low-cost oral rehydration salts (abbreviated ORS) oral rehydration therapy. Every time the children diarrhea, ORS serving about 50 to 100 ml, play a role in prevention and treatment of dehydration. Lack of standards in the case of ORS, use soup can also be replaced by salt solution. Specific formula is: rice soup sugar 500 ml + 1 + 0 grams of salt 1.75 grams (a half bottle of beer) + 500 ml water, boil 2 to 3 minutes per kg body weight 20 ~ 40 ml, 4 hours after oral administration, at any time after oral administration, the number to the number of drink.
Comments: survey shows that in recent years, anti-bacterial diarrhea drug abuse treatment in the more common phenomenon. And abuse of antibiotics can cause drug-resistant strains of bacteria growing at the same time can also be secondary to an imbalance of intestinal flora, fungal enteritis, and so on persistent diarrhea, or increase, in fact, 70% of acute watery diarrhea for the virus or bacterial toxin production, you can not have anti-inflammatory drugs (ie antibiotics), as long as the well fluid therapy, choice of microecological modulator (such as music or BIFICO Livzon intestinal, etc.), and mucosal protective agent (such as smecta, etc.) that is incurable: only about 30% of children with diarrhea by the invasion of bacteria such as Shigella, invasive colorectal liver bacteria, Salmonella] caused by Klebsiella, sensitive to use anti-bacterial drugs such as medication for 48 hours after the progression-free turn for the better, may consider the replacement of an antibacterial drug.
Comments: The water in the free sugar, salt can not play a role in prevention and treatment of dehydration. The correct method of preparation of sugar salt 2 Comments cases see.
Diarrhea is common in children of the summer and autumn. It is precisely because of common, there are many parents experience with the old, take it for granted to deal with, the result is just the opposite. Do not believe? Looked at a number of cases following it.
Comments: civil advocate the use of fasting on acute diarrhea 8 to 12 hours or even 24-hour hunger therapy is actually wrong. Studies have shown that even when acute diarrhea, children with gastrointestinal tract function of digestion and absorption can not completely disappeared, the absorption of nutrients can reach the normal 60% ~ 90%. Hunger is not only a longer period of time is not conducive to the maintenance of nutrition in children, but also to further deterioration of nutritional status and the impact of intestinal repair, update, reducing the absorptive capacity of the small intestine, so that decreased immunity, repeated infections, the final cause "diarrhea - malnutrition - easily lead to diarrhea, "a vicious cycle. Thus, children with acute diarrhea should continue feeding. Breast-feeding infants and children are free of water, artificial feeding infants can be fed diluted milk (1 milk, add water, 2) 2 ~ 3 days, then gradually increased to the whole milk, more than six months in children with the use of rice soup, Black rice or noodles, and for some fresh fruit or fruit juice to supplement potassium, plus some cooked vegetable oils, vegetables, meat or fish at the end, but by less need to have more gradual transition to normal eating habits.
Comments: Acute diarrhea is a major risk of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance acidosis. According to statistics, in children with dehydration caused by diarrhea is more than 90% of mild and moderate dehydration, only 10% of severe dehydration, and intravenous infusion is only applicable to moderate to severe dehydration. Other symptoms of over-transfusion in children will not only increase the pain and financial burden on parents, sometimes caused by infusion reaction occurred in a deterioration in their conditions.
Is generally believed that concurrent with acute diarrhea in children with mild to moderate dehydration, treatment of choice for high-performance and low-cost oral rehydration salts (abbreviated ORS) oral rehydration therapy. Every time the children diarrhea, ORS serving about 50 to 100 ml, play a role in prevention and treatment of dehydration. Lack of standards in the case of ORS, use soup can also be replaced by salt solution. Specific formula is: rice soup sugar 500 ml + 1 + 0 grams of salt 1.75 grams (a half bottle of beer) + 500 ml water, boil 2 to 3 minutes per kg body weight 20 ~ 40 ml, 4 hours after oral administration, at any time after oral administration, the number to the number of drink.
Comments: survey shows that in recent years, anti-bacterial diarrhea drug abuse treatment in the more common phenomenon. And abuse of antibiotics can cause drug-resistant strains of bacteria growing at the same time can also be secondary to an imbalance of intestinal flora, fungal enteritis, and so on persistent diarrhea, or increase, in fact, 70% of acute watery diarrhea for the virus or bacterial toxin production, you can not have anti-inflammatory drugs (ie antibiotics), as long as the well fluid therapy, choice of microecological modulator (such as music or BIFICO Livzon intestinal, etc.), and mucosal protective agent (such as smecta, etc.) that is incurable: only about 30% of children with diarrhea by the invasion of bacteria such as Shigella, invasive colorectal liver bacteria, Salmonella] caused by Klebsiella, sensitive to use anti-bacterial drugs such as medication for 48 hours after the progression-free turn for the better, may consider the replacement of an antibacterial drug.
Comments: The water in the free sugar, salt can not play a role in prevention and treatment of dehydration. The correct method of preparation of sugar salt 2 Comments cases see.
Winter, the most common baby skin problems
The question: chap
As the baby's skin with more moisture, wind stimulus encountered, if not properly protected, the skin loss is easy, does not look shiny, drying, wrinkling, scaling, and even slight pain. This is often said the chap. The most vulnerable parts of the chap is a little baby face and the small back of the hand.
The prevention of the main points:
Chap is due to water loss caused by the skin, almost on a daily basis is the key. So her mother to the baby and the little hand finished after little face must be wiped away as soon as possible, must be dried prior to avoid blowing cold wind straight. At the same time, we must choose the design for the baby of the Johnson & Johnson baby cream special-run multi-effect.
Second problem: chilblain
Chilblain mainly due to the skin and excessive exposure to cold and high humidity circumstances. As the baby's delicate skin than adults in many, so the incidence of baby's chilblain much higher than adults.
Chilblain there is generally part of the baby's nose, fingers, toes, heel, lateral margin of foot, antihelix, ears and other parts for the limitations of the performance of dark purple-red edematous plaques or nodules, will feel the itching, burning or pain.
The prevention of the main points:
Cause frostbite as a result of the main reasons is the cold and wet, so go out to play when the winter must take note of warmth and moisture.
Three: chapped lips
Winter, small babies are particularly vulnerable to dry lips, and even peeling. Compared with other skin, lips do not secrete sweat and grease, so very fond of baby touch lips with his tongue. But it can not wet your lips, it will speed up the lip of the water evaporation, so that more dry lips, resulting in more licking the more dry, the more the more dry licking a vicious circle.
As the baby's skin with more moisture, wind stimulus encountered, if not properly protected, the skin loss is easy, does not look shiny, drying, wrinkling, scaling, and even slight pain. This is often said the chap. The most vulnerable parts of the chap is a little baby face and the small back of the hand.
The prevention of the main points:
Chap is due to water loss caused by the skin, almost on a daily basis is the key. So her mother to the baby and the little hand finished after little face must be wiped away as soon as possible, must be dried prior to avoid blowing cold wind straight. At the same time, we must choose the design for the baby of the Johnson & Johnson baby cream special-run multi-effect.
Second problem: chilblain
Chilblain mainly due to the skin and excessive exposure to cold and high humidity circumstances. As the baby's delicate skin than adults in many, so the incidence of baby's chilblain much higher than adults.
Chilblain there is generally part of the baby's nose, fingers, toes, heel, lateral margin of foot, antihelix, ears and other parts for the limitations of the performance of dark purple-red edematous plaques or nodules, will feel the itching, burning or pain.
The prevention of the main points:
Cause frostbite as a result of the main reasons is the cold and wet, so go out to play when the winter must take note of warmth and moisture.
Three: chapped lips
Winter, small babies are particularly vulnerable to dry lips, and even peeling. Compared with other skin, lips do not secrete sweat and grease, so very fond of baby touch lips with his tongue. But it can not wet your lips, it will speed up the lip of the water evaporation, so that more dry lips, resulting in more licking the more dry, the more the more dry licking a vicious circle.
Acute infectious laryngitis how to prevent and care
Incidence of acute laryngitis in children with acute, severe and easy to
endanger life, we must do a good job of prevention and care.
Acute laryngitis and more secondary to upper respiratory tract infection
to reduce the opportunity for a cold, perhaps we can avoid the occurrence
of laryngitis.
1, usually to enhance outdoor activities, mostly sunny, and enhance
physical fitness, improve disease resistance.
2, attention to climate change, change clothes in time to avoid a sense of
winter heating.
3, in the influenza epidemic during the bail to minimize, to prevent
infection.
4, should be the law of life, eating festival, there are regular daily
life, lying to get up early evening to avoid the cold. During sleep to
avoid the wind blowing convection.
5, to maintain oral health, to develop a morning, brush their teeth after
meals and bedtime habits mouthwash.
6, appropriate to eat more pears, raw carrots, plum and other fruits,
nuts, in order to enhance the maintenance of the role of the throat.
Laryngitis in children, due to acute severe illness in the active
treatment at the same time, must take care.
1, so that children with attention to rest, as far as possible to reduce
the activities in order to reduce the consumption of oxygen.
2, the indoor air should be fresh, the temperature should be 18 ℃ ~ 20 ℃
, humidity should be maintained at 60% ~ 70%.
3, into the liquid or semi-liquid digestible food, for children with more
water, if necessary, transfusion.
4, health care workers should be familiar with sub-degree of difficulty in
breathing and the indications for tracheotomy and is ready to rescue all
the items.
5, close observation of changes in condition to explain the families of
children with asphyxia may occur at any time, much remains to be mentally
prepared for tracheotomy; such as three degrees of children with
respiratory difficulties, doctors prepared to promptly notify the
tracheotomy.
endanger life, we must do a good job of prevention and care.
Acute laryngitis and more secondary to upper respiratory tract infection
to reduce the opportunity for a cold, perhaps we can avoid the occurrence
of laryngitis.
1, usually to enhance outdoor activities, mostly sunny, and enhance
physical fitness, improve disease resistance.
2, attention to climate change, change clothes in time to avoid a sense of
winter heating.
3, in the influenza epidemic during the bail to minimize, to prevent
infection.
4, should be the law of life, eating festival, there are regular daily
life, lying to get up early evening to avoid the cold. During sleep to
avoid the wind blowing convection.
5, to maintain oral health, to develop a morning, brush their teeth after
meals and bedtime habits mouthwash.
6, appropriate to eat more pears, raw carrots, plum and other fruits,
nuts, in order to enhance the maintenance of the role of the throat.
Laryngitis in children, due to acute severe illness in the active
treatment at the same time, must take care.
1, so that children with attention to rest, as far as possible to reduce
the activities in order to reduce the consumption of oxygen.
2, the indoor air should be fresh, the temperature should be 18 ℃ ~ 20 ℃
, humidity should be maintained at 60% ~ 70%.
3, into the liquid or semi-liquid digestible food, for children with more
water, if necessary, transfusion.
4, health care workers should be familiar with sub-degree of difficulty in
breathing and the indications for tracheotomy and is ready to rescue all
the items.
5, close observation of changes in condition to explain the families of
children with asphyxia may occur at any time, much remains to be mentally
prepared for tracheotomy; such as three degrees of children with
respiratory difficulties, doctors prepared to promptly notify the
tracheotomy.
Thursday, July 30, 2009
Children the most common allergy symptoms and prevention of
Allergic children will not only significantly affect the quality of life and family, and allergies are frequent episodes of chronic diseases. Annually in the United States, only for the treatment of infantile eczema as high as the cost of 364 million U.S. dollars, the cost of the treatment of asthma is much higher than this figure.
Over the past 20 years, children in Western industrialized countries the incidence of allergic diseases the rate of a sharp increase, each of 3-4 there is a child suffering from allergies. At present, developing countries are also the same trend emerged. Allergy has been the World Health Organization as the twenty-first century epidemic.
Children the most common allergy symptoms are:
1, atopic dermatitis: infantile eczema usually;
2, food allergy: after contact with certain foods adverse reaction (vomiting, diarrhea, gripes, etc.);
3, allergic asthma;
4, allergic rhinitis.
Allergic children will not only significantly affect the quality of life and family, and allergies are frequent episodes of chronic diseases. Annually in the United States, only for the treatment of infantile eczema as high as the cost of 364 million U.S. dollars, the cost of the treatment of asthma is much higher than this figure.
Allergy is due to dysfunction of the immune system caused by, many parents often do not mind the early baby allergies such as eczema and food allergy, in fact, these early symptoms of allergy symptoms the next series of precursors, have been suffering from eczema and food allergy baby the future there may be other allergic diseases such as asthma. Therefore, early prevention of allergic baby, baby on the future of allergy prevention is very important.
Now generally agreed that: the immune system of "training" started from birth, and strongly influenced by diet. Studies have shown: exclusive breastfeeding of infants, allergies (eczema) relatively small, and the general feeding baby infant formula, allergy (eczema) is a higher incidence of this is because the molecules contained in infant formula milk in form protein, some babies can not tolerate this kind of protein, hence the allergies (eczema or food allergy), the future of these babies have other allergic diseases is very high risk.
In order to reduce allergy risk, the international authority of the Organization recommendations: infants should be used HA (Hypoallergenic abbreviation), infant milk formulas. That is, a moderate hydrolysis of protein in infant formula, through the specialized process of protein hydrolysis, and sensitization of the general high-milk into a low-allergenic protein of small molecules specifically good HA protein, thereby reducing the risk of allergic baby.
A large number of clinical studies have shown: through the use of formula HA can reduce the baby's allergy risk of 50%. Therefore, the first six months of birth, in a variety of reasons can not be breast-feeding or breast-feeding is low, as soon as possible the use of HA Hypoallergenic infant formula (hydrolyzed protein formula that is appropriate), is an effective measure for prevention of allergy.
Over the past 20 years, children in Western industrialized countries the incidence of allergic diseases the rate of a sharp increase, each of 3-4 there is a child suffering from allergies. At present, developing countries are also the same trend emerged. Allergy has been the World Health Organization as the twenty-first century epidemic.
Children the most common allergy symptoms are:
1, atopic dermatitis: infantile eczema usually;
2, food allergy: after contact with certain foods adverse reaction (vomiting, diarrhea, gripes, etc.);
3, allergic asthma;
4, allergic rhinitis.
Allergic children will not only significantly affect the quality of life and family, and allergies are frequent episodes of chronic diseases. Annually in the United States, only for the treatment of infantile eczema as high as the cost of 364 million U.S. dollars, the cost of the treatment of asthma is much higher than this figure.
Allergy is due to dysfunction of the immune system caused by, many parents often do not mind the early baby allergies such as eczema and food allergy, in fact, these early symptoms of allergy symptoms the next series of precursors, have been suffering from eczema and food allergy baby the future there may be other allergic diseases such as asthma. Therefore, early prevention of allergic baby, baby on the future of allergy prevention is very important.
Now generally agreed that: the immune system of "training" started from birth, and strongly influenced by diet. Studies have shown: exclusive breastfeeding of infants, allergies (eczema) relatively small, and the general feeding baby infant formula, allergy (eczema) is a higher incidence of this is because the molecules contained in infant formula milk in form protein, some babies can not tolerate this kind of protein, hence the allergies (eczema or food allergy), the future of these babies have other allergic diseases is very high risk.
In order to reduce allergy risk, the international authority of the Organization recommendations: infants should be used HA (Hypoallergenic abbreviation), infant milk formulas. That is, a moderate hydrolysis of protein in infant formula, through the specialized process of protein hydrolysis, and sensitization of the general high-milk into a low-allergenic protein of small molecules specifically good HA protein, thereby reducing the risk of allergic baby.
A large number of clinical studies have shown: through the use of formula HA can reduce the baby's allergy risk of 50%. Therefore, the first six months of birth, in a variety of reasons can not be breast-feeding or breast-feeding is low, as soon as possible the use of HA Hypoallergenic infant formula (hydrolyzed protein formula that is appropriate), is an effective measure for prevention of allergy.
Obesity: common diseases in infants
Now, more and more overweight children, during the summer vacation, hospital out-patient number of overweight children increase. Most parents see their children in the fat when the fat can not only turn to their doctor.
(Children's Hospital Endocrinology physicians: a summer vacation, a winter vacation, we found that outpatient amount to see out-patient endocrine increased child obesity, we look at obesity clinics, and some one-year-old children will be able to see more than a two-year-old special fat, weight reached the 40 kilograms, the mother holds up a special effort.)
According to a survey, the rate of childhood obesity, overweight rates were 12.1% and 11.9%. In some cases, even though children do not look too fat, but body weight is more than 20% of standard body weight, it is necessary to draw your attention. Starting body weight over the child only if it has fat, it will lead to many diseases. Childhood obesity in our country occur within the 1-year-old and after 4-year-old. Simple childhood obesity and hypertension to identify risk factors and intervention, is considered an adult with a view to primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, the main part.
(Children's Hospital Endocrinology physicians: the impact of obesity on children's great, just as adults have a lot of obesity are generally starts with the children, it can lead to children, the easier to develop into diabetes, coronary heart disease fatty liver have high blood pressure, There gout arthritis. obesity affect the joints of the bones, as well as children can cause early sexual development, some children lag behind boys as sexual development, can be caused by or against the big.)
In addition, overweight children in the mental health, the problems more than normal weight children. Removal of genetic factors, the majority of obese children are simple obesity. Simple obesity refers solely by over-nutrition and poor lifestyle factors caused by the excessive accumulation of fat. Many parents look forward to continue the child all of a sudden thin, small body fat is not the meat on one or two days long, when they enjoy the modern life in all sorts of delicious and convenient, the fat has quietly been camped in their possession.
(Children's Hospital Endocrinology physicians: food children eat sweets, greasy things more, plus also drink less soft drinks, habits such as car ownership is the family car can have, with the number of child activities of motor vehicles less, the parents are driving their own cars or playing with this as well.)
Some experts say "diet" very not suitable for children 0-18 years of age because children grow in a very critical period of development, children can not use weight loss drugs to lose weight, fat-free surgery, fasting or starvation therapy. During this period the main task is to "weight control." Seize 0-1 years of age; 4,5 years of age; puberty a critical period of these three, you can greatly reduce the incidence of child obesity. How to control children's weight it?
(Children's Hospital Endocrinology physicians: one is the hot card, the better to eat do not think there is some kids love to eat meat, eat less fried stuff as far as possible, cutting should be to let children drink a certain degree of movement. small children skip along to play it every day can be larger so that he can be skipping children, and children can play it, and then the larger the child can swim can play badminton.)
One thing is to remind the parents pay attention to: that parents should be active and healthy life. Children on the parents as an example, if Mom and Dad do all day at home, how can a child like sports? At the same time pay attention to adverse changes in eating habits, a balanced diet for adults and children alike. So to some extent, to help children control their weight, but also the test of perseverance for adults. Tip sheet: a method to prevent childhood obesity
Adverse changes in the way of life
Promote a balanced diet, and enhance physical activity, stay away from obesity.
0-1 year-old baby in the weight formula: (birth weight + months) X 0.6;
Children over the age of 2 standard weight formula: age X 2 + 8
Treatment:
1. Food adjustment
Restrictions based on the heat in protein, fat, carbohydrate ratio appropriate, inorganic salts, vitamins supply the full
2. Exercise Prescription:
Need to take into account the effectiveness of campaigns, feasibility and interesting
Special Reminder:
Parents to adopt an active, healthy lifestyle.
Children can not use weight loss drugs to lose weight, fat-free surgery, fasting or starvation therapy.
(Children's Hospital Endocrinology physicians: a summer vacation, a winter vacation, we found that outpatient amount to see out-patient endocrine increased child obesity, we look at obesity clinics, and some one-year-old children will be able to see more than a two-year-old special fat, weight reached the 40 kilograms, the mother holds up a special effort.)
According to a survey, the rate of childhood obesity, overweight rates were 12.1% and 11.9%. In some cases, even though children do not look too fat, but body weight is more than 20% of standard body weight, it is necessary to draw your attention. Starting body weight over the child only if it has fat, it will lead to many diseases. Childhood obesity in our country occur within the 1-year-old and after 4-year-old. Simple childhood obesity and hypertension to identify risk factors and intervention, is considered an adult with a view to primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, the main part.
(Children's Hospital Endocrinology physicians: the impact of obesity on children's great, just as adults have a lot of obesity are generally starts with the children, it can lead to children, the easier to develop into diabetes, coronary heart disease fatty liver have high blood pressure, There gout arthritis. obesity affect the joints of the bones, as well as children can cause early sexual development, some children lag behind boys as sexual development, can be caused by or against the big.)
In addition, overweight children in the mental health, the problems more than normal weight children. Removal of genetic factors, the majority of obese children are simple obesity. Simple obesity refers solely by over-nutrition and poor lifestyle factors caused by the excessive accumulation of fat. Many parents look forward to continue the child all of a sudden thin, small body fat is not the meat on one or two days long, when they enjoy the modern life in all sorts of delicious and convenient, the fat has quietly been camped in their possession.
(Children's Hospital Endocrinology physicians: food children eat sweets, greasy things more, plus also drink less soft drinks, habits such as car ownership is the family car can have, with the number of child activities of motor vehicles less, the parents are driving their own cars or playing with this as well.)
Some experts say "diet" very not suitable for children 0-18 years of age because children grow in a very critical period of development, children can not use weight loss drugs to lose weight, fat-free surgery, fasting or starvation therapy. During this period the main task is to "weight control." Seize 0-1 years of age; 4,5 years of age; puberty a critical period of these three, you can greatly reduce the incidence of child obesity. How to control children's weight it?
(Children's Hospital Endocrinology physicians: one is the hot card, the better to eat do not think there is some kids love to eat meat, eat less fried stuff as far as possible, cutting should be to let children drink a certain degree of movement. small children skip along to play it every day can be larger so that he can be skipping children, and children can play it, and then the larger the child can swim can play badminton.)
One thing is to remind the parents pay attention to: that parents should be active and healthy life. Children on the parents as an example, if Mom and Dad do all day at home, how can a child like sports? At the same time pay attention to adverse changes in eating habits, a balanced diet for adults and children alike. So to some extent, to help children control their weight, but also the test of perseverance for adults. Tip sheet: a method to prevent childhood obesity
Adverse changes in the way of life
Promote a balanced diet, and enhance physical activity, stay away from obesity.
0-1 year-old baby in the weight formula: (birth weight + months) X 0.6;
Children over the age of 2 standard weight formula: age X 2 + 8
Treatment:
1. Food adjustment
Restrictions based on the heat in protein, fat, carbohydrate ratio appropriate, inorganic salts, vitamins supply the full
2. Exercise Prescription:
Need to take into account the effectiveness of campaigns, feasibility and interesting
Special Reminder:
Parents to adopt an active, healthy lifestyle.
Children can not use weight loss drugs to lose weight, fat-free surgery, fasting or starvation therapy.
How to prevent zinc deficiency disease in children?
Zinc is a trace element, in terms of children, zinc indirectly regulate metabolism through its role, especially for protein synthesis, growth factor production and secretion, such as links to play the impact of its growth.
Zinc deficiency, therefore, the growth of these sectors need to have been clogged. Mucosa and skin is metabolized quickly to update the organization, can occur when zinc deficiency dermatitis, skin lesions, and not easily healed, and the impact of the mucous membrane of the taste for slow performance, the impact of appetite and even anorexia, and abnormal digestion and absorption, which will increase the growth retardation.
Children and adults compared to zinc deficiency relatively easy, fast growth is one of the reasons why children often being choosy food, the habits of a particular kind of food, but for a balanced diet, especially protein intake in terms of a reasonable child, is generally not missing zinc.
Because zinc exists in the protein-containing foods such as meat, dairy, eggs and beans in. Growth retardation has multiple causes, diagnosis means is complex and requires detailed examination of the doctor's diagnosis can be given specific treatment.
If zinc deficiency is not the child, parents are blindly given to the various types of oral zinc products, not only encourage but can not be harmful, too much zinc on liver damage caused by severe cases of hepatitis have jaundice, so zinc should be careful.
Prevention of zinc deficiency disease in children, breast-feeding baby is the best, because human milk is rich in zinc, and easily absorbed from animal foods high zinc content, easy to absorb; therefore appropriate to add rich in infants and young children a variety of trace elements animal liver, egg yolk, meat, fish, mud and other dietary supplements are very necessary in terms of children, adhering to dietary diversification, reasonable arrangements for recipes, to develop good eating habits, not a particular kind of food, not being choosy food, can be prevented by zinc deficiency disease.
Zinc deficiency, therefore, the growth of these sectors need to have been clogged. Mucosa and skin is metabolized quickly to update the organization, can occur when zinc deficiency dermatitis, skin lesions, and not easily healed, and the impact of the mucous membrane of the taste for slow performance, the impact of appetite and even anorexia, and abnormal digestion and absorption, which will increase the growth retardation.
Children and adults compared to zinc deficiency relatively easy, fast growth is one of the reasons why children often being choosy food, the habits of a particular kind of food, but for a balanced diet, especially protein intake in terms of a reasonable child, is generally not missing zinc.
Because zinc exists in the protein-containing foods such as meat, dairy, eggs and beans in. Growth retardation has multiple causes, diagnosis means is complex and requires detailed examination of the doctor's diagnosis can be given specific treatment.
If zinc deficiency is not the child, parents are blindly given to the various types of oral zinc products, not only encourage but can not be harmful, too much zinc on liver damage caused by severe cases of hepatitis have jaundice, so zinc should be careful.
Prevention of zinc deficiency disease in children, breast-feeding baby is the best, because human milk is rich in zinc, and easily absorbed from animal foods high zinc content, easy to absorb; therefore appropriate to add rich in infants and young children a variety of trace elements animal liver, egg yolk, meat, fish, mud and other dietary supplements are very necessary in terms of children, adhering to dietary diversification, reasonable arrangements for recipes, to develop good eating habits, not a particular kind of food, not being choosy food, can be prevented by zinc deficiency disease.
How to help children with ADHD
ADHD is a concentrated attention difficulties, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior as the main symptoms of mental illness syndrome. Age at onset of the disease more than 2 to 18 years old, more boys than girls.
With the performance of ADHD children with age, the environment and in people's attitudes around varies, generally expressed as:
1, the activities of over-the majority of patients with ADHD from childhood hyperactivity was excited, can not sit-ins. To enter the school, due to various restrictions, ADHD symptoms were more obvious, can not be quiet in the classroom lectures, they turned a rocking chair, walking around in his seat, shouting, or speech, teasing others, the impact of classroom discipline. Run around after school, like over things, frequently interrupted the adults talk and interference with the activities of adults, do not cherish books and toys.
2, the attention focused on the difficulties children with ADHD it is difficult to focus on certain things, especially in the classroom can not concentrate on listening, paying attention to lax, susceptible to environmental interference and distraction, look around in the classroom, staring absent-minded or a trance . Assignments for teachers not remember, when the careless homework, doing fun, free alterations, drag-and-drop operation, it is difficult to be completed on time.
3, headstrong impulsive, emotionally unstable as a result of poor self-control, because children are often a little too small on the emotional response generated easily angered or emotional impulse, bad temper, therefore, often stimulated by a small risk of action and destruction, often quarrel or fight with fellow students, or for no reason in the classroom, such as call and ask.
Performance of the above children, parents should note that the opinion of experts to diagnose and treatment. Have children with ADHD, parents can take a number of ways to help children:
Drug treatment only when a more serious impact on ADHD children's learning, interfere with the order of the family and the school only when the need for drug treatment. Medication must be prescribed. Commonly used drugs amphetamine, methylphenidate and pemoline.
2 by changing the environment for the treatment of parents, teachers and the community to improve the patient's attitude towards the environment, to achieve therapeutic effect. This includes the following:
(1) the nature of specific diseases, the right to be treated. Parents should be aware that ADHD is a disease, should seek to understand the causes of, and actively seek treatment, rather than gross, discrimination, indifference, abuse, punishment and other measures, this disease will not only increase and will increase the children's low self-esteem, anxiety, withdrawal or psychological resistance.
(2) the gradual correction of behavior and hyperactivity. Should be to gradually reduce the child's behavior and hyperactivity, and not to set goals high, immediately ask them to become good boy quiet. Excessive demands can only lead to tension between.
(3) to allow children to participate in a variety of sports, social activities, so that they can have a chance to vent excess energy.
(4) to encourage the quiet child behavior, using verbal praise, encouraging the progressive training methods, such as to strengthen them develop to sit-ins, to focus the attention of the habit of learning and work.
(5) to cultivate children to form good habits. Should allow them to develop a time schedule from an early age, personal habits to ensure adequate sleep time, and the life of regular training as one of their choice to form the good habit of using, for example, do not eat, such as watching television. Do not give way to some interest in children, for example, so that they can not indefinitely long period of time such as watching television or movies.
(6) the elimination of the family led to the adverse attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or mental stress factors to stimulate and coordinate family relationships, to ease the family atmosphere, family factors to prevent the children feel uneasy, nervous anxiety and excitement.
(7) the rules simple and clear. Children of such elements required is to prevent injury to their own reckless acts or crimes against other people, therefore, the rules set out to achieve this goal line, not be appropriate to enact the rules too much.
(8) appropriate treatment. Parents can not discrimination, abuse or beat them, nor can the "disease" as an excuse for too much and made them even more self-willed and aggressive; it is necessary to be patient education, but also demanding. Parents and school teachers should take the initiative in maintaining regular contact, mutual feedback, and jointly promote the improvement of children.
3 psychological treatment of parents would like to invite experts on child psychotherapy and behavior therapy.
With the performance of ADHD children with age, the environment and in people's attitudes around varies, generally expressed as:
1, the activities of over-the majority of patients with ADHD from childhood hyperactivity was excited, can not sit-ins. To enter the school, due to various restrictions, ADHD symptoms were more obvious, can not be quiet in the classroom lectures, they turned a rocking chair, walking around in his seat, shouting, or speech, teasing others, the impact of classroom discipline. Run around after school, like over things, frequently interrupted the adults talk and interference with the activities of adults, do not cherish books and toys.
2, the attention focused on the difficulties children with ADHD it is difficult to focus on certain things, especially in the classroom can not concentrate on listening, paying attention to lax, susceptible to environmental interference and distraction, look around in the classroom, staring absent-minded or a trance . Assignments for teachers not remember, when the careless homework, doing fun, free alterations, drag-and-drop operation, it is difficult to be completed on time.
3, headstrong impulsive, emotionally unstable as a result of poor self-control, because children are often a little too small on the emotional response generated easily angered or emotional impulse, bad temper, therefore, often stimulated by a small risk of action and destruction, often quarrel or fight with fellow students, or for no reason in the classroom, such as call and ask.
Performance of the above children, parents should note that the opinion of experts to diagnose and treatment. Have children with ADHD, parents can take a number of ways to help children:
Drug treatment only when a more serious impact on ADHD children's learning, interfere with the order of the family and the school only when the need for drug treatment. Medication must be prescribed. Commonly used drugs amphetamine, methylphenidate and pemoline.
2 by changing the environment for the treatment of parents, teachers and the community to improve the patient's attitude towards the environment, to achieve therapeutic effect. This includes the following:
(1) the nature of specific diseases, the right to be treated. Parents should be aware that ADHD is a disease, should seek to understand the causes of, and actively seek treatment, rather than gross, discrimination, indifference, abuse, punishment and other measures, this disease will not only increase and will increase the children's low self-esteem, anxiety, withdrawal or psychological resistance.
(2) the gradual correction of behavior and hyperactivity. Should be to gradually reduce the child's behavior and hyperactivity, and not to set goals high, immediately ask them to become good boy quiet. Excessive demands can only lead to tension between.
(3) to allow children to participate in a variety of sports, social activities, so that they can have a chance to vent excess energy.
(4) to encourage the quiet child behavior, using verbal praise, encouraging the progressive training methods, such as to strengthen them develop to sit-ins, to focus the attention of the habit of learning and work.
(5) to cultivate children to form good habits. Should allow them to develop a time schedule from an early age, personal habits to ensure adequate sleep time, and the life of regular training as one of their choice to form the good habit of using, for example, do not eat, such as watching television. Do not give way to some interest in children, for example, so that they can not indefinitely long period of time such as watching television or movies.
(6) the elimination of the family led to the adverse attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or mental stress factors to stimulate and coordinate family relationships, to ease the family atmosphere, family factors to prevent the children feel uneasy, nervous anxiety and excitement.
(7) the rules simple and clear. Children of such elements required is to prevent injury to their own reckless acts or crimes against other people, therefore, the rules set out to achieve this goal line, not be appropriate to enact the rules too much.
(8) appropriate treatment. Parents can not discrimination, abuse or beat them, nor can the "disease" as an excuse for too much and made them even more self-willed and aggressive; it is necessary to be patient education, but also demanding. Parents and school teachers should take the initiative in maintaining regular contact, mutual feedback, and jointly promote the improvement of children.
3 psychological treatment of parents would like to invite experts on child psychotherapy and behavior therapy.
Anemia in children can affect their growth and development
Anemia in children 1-year-old group was particularly prevalent in infants and young children in this period of development of digestive organs is still not perfect, the monotonous diet, malnutrition, infant and child therefore view the high incidence of anemia. In China about 30% of infants and young children to varying degrees of anemia, higher in rural areas, up to 50%.
Anemia at the time of the adverse effects in children, in addition to causing children face, gums, oral mucosal pallor, anorexia, diarrhea, crying, and vulnerable to invasion of pathogenic microorganisms outside infection; survey data show that children with weight and height measurements on the average by 1 to 2 standard deviation increase in the number of significant, particularly in infants and young children more significant influence.
Infants and young children in the fastest period of growth, in the event of anemia, the body of poor oxygen supply, gastrointestinal mucosal cells and to campaign to diminish the impact of the digestion and absorption of nutrients, the body will increase malnutrition. In addition, when the infant brain anemia insufficient supply of oxygen, will have its impact on nerve - endocrine function. Thus, malnutrition and neuroendocrine dysfunction increased in children will be normal weight and height has an adverse impact on development.
Prevention and treatment of anemia in children 1 year of age group focus on infants and young children. Major initiatives include: The first 4 months after the start of egg-type materials to supplement the blood shortage of iron, after the monthly add meat, fish, vegetables and fruits rich in protein, fat, sugar, a variety of vitamins and minerals in food . 6 to 7 months should be more modest increase in the amount of congee, noodles, food products, to gradually transition to rice, flour-eating diet food, to prevent sudden change of diet and gastrointestinal function have not meet. If infants and young children have anemia, those who need special treatment of mild, reasonable diet, diversity and balance, most of them can be normal conditioning. More than moderate iron supplement may be appropriate, such as blood Lu, ferrous sulfate, vitamin C, folic acid and vitamin B12 orally or by injection. Severe anemia may be a small number of repeated blood transfusions to correct anemia as soon as possible, and promote normal growth and development of children.
Children with acute gastroenteritis
Children with acute gastroenteritis is a common disease of the digestive
tract. Infants and young children are relatively poor gastrointestinal
function, and low resistance to infection in the outside world, a little
discomfort on morbidity.
tract. Infants and young children are relatively poor gastrointestinal
function, and low resistance to infection in the outside world, a little
discomfort on morbidity.
Etiology:
① intestinal infection caused by bacteria and viruses, in particular
Escherichia coli, is a major pathogen. If a child is sick and a large
number of unjustified use of antibiotics, but also caused by fungi of the
gastrointestinal violations. ② the upper respiratory tract inflammation,
pneumonia, nephritis, otitis media, such as disease outside the
gastrointestinal tract may be due to fever and the absorption of bacterial
toxins to reduce the secretion of digestive enzymes, increase in
peristalsis. ③ unreasonably feeding infants and young children, the
children eat too much, too little; or too early, eat too much starch, fat
food; sudden change in food, such as a sudden weaning, diarrhea can be
caused by their children. ④ climate change, such as increased bowel
movements have been so cold, overheating so that reduction of gastric acid
and secretion of digestive enzymes can also be induced by acute
gastroenteritis.
Clinical manifestations:
Acute gastroenteritis is caused by light if the diarrhea is generally in
good condition, 10 times a day following in the stool, yellow or yellowish
green, a small amount of mucus or white pieces of soap, small fecal mass.
Acute gastroenteritis can be caused by severe diarrhea, stool several
times to dozens of times every day. Will be a large number of water
samples, a small amount of mucus, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite,
vomiting and sometimes a coffee-like objects. As a result of hypokalemia,
may have abdominal distension, and symptoms of systemic poisoning; such as
irregular low-grade fever or high fever, irritability and then the spirit
of good sense obscure, and even coma.
Treatment:
Treatment of gastroenteritis in children is mainly the cause of the
treatment and symptomatic treatment, that is, acute gastroenteritis is
caused by whatever reason, try to identify and promptly eliminate the root
cause son. What symptoms children on trying to eliminate the harmful
symptoms.
If it is caused by indigestion, you can adjust the diet and taking enzyme
Health milk, yeast tablets, etc.; by the body if it is caused by other
diseases, the use of antibiotics and the use of doctors under the guidance
of; by the body if it is caused by other diseases on the active treatment
of this disease; If it is caused by irrational use of antibiotics, on the
need to consult a doctor, so that the rationalization of the use of
antibiotics.
Children vomiting, diarrhea, excessive water loss, it is necessary to add
water and electrolytes in time; a high fever, the use of physical or drug
cooling; potassium potassium deficiency, calcium deficiency calcium; have
metabolic acidosis or shock should be timely sent to hospital .
Prevention: Children with acute gastroenteritis is very easily preventable, as long as
their parents to understand the causes, rationally regulate the child's
diet, attention to climate change, to prevent infection, it can not be
their children with this disease.
Children with acute gastroenteritis
Children with acute gastroenteritis is a common disease of the digestive
tract. Infants and young children are relatively poor gastrointestinal
function, and low resistance to infection in the outside world, a little
discomfort on morbidity.
tract. Infants and young children are relatively poor gastrointestinal
function, and low resistance to infection in the outside world, a little
discomfort on morbidity.
Etiology:
① intestinal infection caused by bacteria and viruses, in particular
Escherichia coli, is a major pathogen. If a child is sick and a large
number of unjustified use of antibiotics, but also caused by fungi of the
gastrointestinal violations. ② the upper respiratory tract inflammation,
pneumonia, nephritis, otitis media, such as disease outside the
gastrointestinal tract may be due to fever and the absorption of bacterial
toxins to reduce the secretion of digestive enzymes, increase in
peristalsis. ③ unreasonably feeding infants and young children, the
children eat too much, too little; or too early, eat too much starch, fat
food; sudden change in food, such as a sudden weaning, diarrhea can be
caused by their children. ④ climate change, such as increased bowel
movements have been so cold, overheating so that reduction of gastric acid
and secretion of digestive enzymes can also be induced by acute
gastroenteritis.
Clinical manifestations:
Acute gastroenteritis is caused by light if the diarrhea is generally in
good condition, 10 times a day following in the stool, yellow or yellowish
green, a small amount of mucus or white pieces of soap, small fecal mass.
Acute gastroenteritis can be caused by severe diarrhea, stool several
times to dozens of times every day. Will be a large number of water
samples, a small amount of mucus, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite,
vomiting and sometimes a coffee-like objects. As a result of hypokalemia,
may have abdominal distension, and symptoms of systemic poisoning; such as
irregular low-grade fever or high fever, irritability and then the spirit
of good sense obscure, and even coma.
Treatment:
Treatment of gastroenteritis in children is mainly the cause of the
treatment and symptomatic treatment, that is, acute gastroenteritis is
caused by whatever reason, try to identify and promptly eliminate the root
cause son. What symptoms children on trying to eliminate the harmful
symptoms.
If it is caused by indigestion, you can adjust the diet and taking enzyme
Health milk, yeast tablets, etc.; by the body if it is caused by other
diseases, the use of antibiotics and the use of doctors under the guidance
of; by the body if it is caused by other diseases on the active treatment
of this disease; If it is caused by irrational use of antibiotics, on the
need to consult a doctor, so that the rationalization of the use of
antibiotics.
Children vomiting, diarrhea, excessive water loss, it is necessary to add
water and electrolytes in time; a high fever, the use of physical or drug
cooling; potassium potassium deficiency, calcium deficiency calcium; have
metabolic acidosis or shock should be timely sent to hospital .
Prevention: Children with acute gastroenteritis is very easily preventable, as long as
their parents to understand the causes, rationally regulate the child's
diet, attention to climate change, to prevent infection, it can not be
their children with this disease.
Wednesday, July 29, 2009
Summer baby and health care
Baby is blowing air-conditioned.
Summer can be opened, but bearing in mind that air conditioning can not be directly in front of the wind blowing your baby, and not able to get air-conditioning temperature is too low, as long as the outside temperature of more than 4 to 5 degrees lower it. If the baby sweating can be the temperature to 26 degrees. Relatively high temperature and humidity of the day, at room temperature 28 degrees heat really feel that if the baby's room temperature in 28 years sweating very much, then the mother can be air-conditioned temperature to 26 degrees. Heat to the difficulties in falling asleep at night on the air conditioning not just a baby customs more easily than adults when sweating during sleep, so general in the hot summer night would be difficult for baby to sleep, to ensure that the most important when your baby sleep, so her mother or open air is better.
Only baby feel comfortable in a clean room air conditioning or fans can be opened. That can not be absolutely good or open air conditioning fan good.
In addition, the temperature difference between rooms not too big, if the temperature difference, and baby can easily catch cold cold. If using an electric fan at home, it is best to choose from time to time, do not blow for a long time, baby can not be directly facing the wind.
Baby around the use of mosquito coils or mosquito traps since these products can kill mosquitoes, it is the same in human life and certainly has some side effects. Although the kidneys, stomach does not produce any effect, but it will stimulate the respiratory tract.
However, the problem of mosquito bites was probably more than the mosquito-repellent incense and other even more serious. In addition to infectious diseases, some mosquito bites in the babies, the skin can lead to damage, inflammation, and even some baby allergy after being bitten may have a systemic rash. Therefore, it might be advisable not to be a better mosquito bites. Baby no immunity, so even if they are ordinary mosquito bites can also lead to blisters, my mother must have been a good baby mosquito bites observed packet, if the packets that have a tendency to become larger, with baby immediately to hospital for treatment.
Tips: the right way to use mosquito-repellent incense: the baby room can use a smoke-free mosquito-repellent incense, and when the baby is absolutely no point of mosquito coils, whether in a small confined space, or a larger space where the edge points let your baby fall asleep while mosquito-repellent incense is very good. But the baby should be lit before they entered the room for some time, such as mosquitoes were killed after the baby into the room to fall asleep again.
Good idea: use mosquito nets
Baby always will be mosquito bites, my mother can give a baby to buy mosquito nets. Do not give your baby the best medicine to use anti-mosquito
If the path to anti-mosquito medicine baby, your baby will be very willing to hand-coated with syrup into his mouth, so do not give your baby a better use of anti-mosquito medicine.
Summer can be opened, but bearing in mind that air conditioning can not be directly in front of the wind blowing your baby, and not able to get air-conditioning temperature is too low, as long as the outside temperature of more than 4 to 5 degrees lower it. If the baby sweating can be the temperature to 26 degrees. Relatively high temperature and humidity of the day, at room temperature 28 degrees heat really feel that if the baby's room temperature in 28 years sweating very much, then the mother can be air-conditioned temperature to 26 degrees. Heat to the difficulties in falling asleep at night on the air conditioning not just a baby customs more easily than adults when sweating during sleep, so general in the hot summer night would be difficult for baby to sleep, to ensure that the most important when your baby sleep, so her mother or open air is better.
Only baby feel comfortable in a clean room air conditioning or fans can be opened. That can not be absolutely good or open air conditioning fan good.
In addition, the temperature difference between rooms not too big, if the temperature difference, and baby can easily catch cold cold. If using an electric fan at home, it is best to choose from time to time, do not blow for a long time, baby can not be directly facing the wind.
Baby around the use of mosquito coils or mosquito traps since these products can kill mosquitoes, it is the same in human life and certainly has some side effects. Although the kidneys, stomach does not produce any effect, but it will stimulate the respiratory tract.
However, the problem of mosquito bites was probably more than the mosquito-repellent incense and other even more serious. In addition to infectious diseases, some mosquito bites in the babies, the skin can lead to damage, inflammation, and even some baby allergy after being bitten may have a systemic rash. Therefore, it might be advisable not to be a better mosquito bites. Baby no immunity, so even if they are ordinary mosquito bites can also lead to blisters, my mother must have been a good baby mosquito bites observed packet, if the packets that have a tendency to become larger, with baby immediately to hospital for treatment.
Tips: the right way to use mosquito-repellent incense: the baby room can use a smoke-free mosquito-repellent incense, and when the baby is absolutely no point of mosquito coils, whether in a small confined space, or a larger space where the edge points let your baby fall asleep while mosquito-repellent incense is very good. But the baby should be lit before they entered the room for some time, such as mosquitoes were killed after the baby into the room to fall asleep again.
Good idea: use mosquito nets
Baby always will be mosquito bites, my mother can give a baby to buy mosquito nets. Do not give your baby the best medicine to use anti-mosquito
If the path to anti-mosquito medicine baby, your baby will be very willing to hand-coated with syrup into his mouth, so do not give your baby a better use of anti-mosquito medicine.
How to prevent heat stroke in the newborn
Newborn and infant temperature regulation function and less heat dissipation, especially for those newborns, parents work to do a good job heating or summer cooling purposes.
Newborns "approach to the prevention of heat stroke"
Dr. Tao said that many parents of newborns and infants and young children there to prevent heat stroke errors. For example, some parents worry that their children catch a cold in summer but also to the children wrapped in cotton wrapped. In fact, the newborn should be wrapped in the comfort-oriented and not too thick, to the child's hands and feet are not cold not hot as the standard. There are the parents of a child in order to avoid prickly heat, like the shaved head to the children. In fact, it may lead to the child's scalp completely exposed in the sun, easy to damage hair follicles. Therefore, the summer will be the child's hair cut, no need to shave.
"Children are a number of ways to prevent heat stroke." Dr. Tao said, one can take a bath or a cooling swim. Now, many places are professional baby pool to allow children to travel more than several times, is safe and can lower the temperature. The second is to moderate the use of air-conditioning or fan. Children to sleep in the bedroom air-conditioned before the open, such as when children go to bed, turn off the can. However, parents must not be air conditioning or fans of the wind direction at children, the best kept at room temperature about 26 ℃, in order to prevent drying, parents can also put a bowl of cold water in the house.
If it is found that the children appeared dripping sweat, temperature rise, pale red, hot and dry skin symptoms, parents should get the child to a cool well ventilated place, remove clothing, wet towels used to clean the child's body, or a cold water irrigation pillow bag children. Such as the child's body temperature down, it is necessary to remove these measures, so as to avoid overkill.
Newborns "approach to the prevention of heat stroke"
Dr. Tao said that many parents of newborns and infants and young children there to prevent heat stroke errors. For example, some parents worry that their children catch a cold in summer but also to the children wrapped in cotton wrapped. In fact, the newborn should be wrapped in the comfort-oriented and not too thick, to the child's hands and feet are not cold not hot as the standard. There are the parents of a child in order to avoid prickly heat, like the shaved head to the children. In fact, it may lead to the child's scalp completely exposed in the sun, easy to damage hair follicles. Therefore, the summer will be the child's hair cut, no need to shave.
"Children are a number of ways to prevent heat stroke." Dr. Tao said, one can take a bath or a cooling swim. Now, many places are professional baby pool to allow children to travel more than several times, is safe and can lower the temperature. The second is to moderate the use of air-conditioning or fan. Children to sleep in the bedroom air-conditioned before the open, such as when children go to bed, turn off the can. However, parents must not be air conditioning or fans of the wind direction at children, the best kept at room temperature about 26 ℃, in order to prevent drying, parents can also put a bowl of cold water in the house.
If it is found that the children appeared dripping sweat, temperature rise, pale red, hot and dry skin symptoms, parents should get the child to a cool well ventilated place, remove clothing, wet towels used to clean the child's body, or a cold water irrigation pillow bag children. Such as the child's body temperature down, it is necessary to remove these measures, so as to avoid overkill.
How to care for your baby's hair
1, hair loss period
The fetus in mothers womb 5 ~ 6 months, there is a dense body of lanugo, lanugo its head in the fetal 7 ~ 8 months, will be a major loss occurs. In the upcoming birth of your baby will gradually grow new hair; and the Department of the rear occipital hair does not fall, will fall after the baby was born. Therefore, babies born to 6 months after the emergence of a small amount of hair loss is a normal phenomenon.
2, genetic
The number of baby hair depends primarily on the number of genetic factors, there are individual differences. Hair more obvious genetic predisposition, quantity, color, etc. and the merits of a certain relationship between genetic. If the parents good hair, the better your baby's hair; parents bad hair, baby hair will be less.
3, growth
The growth of baby hair and body, like a long high, there are already late, and there is slow speed. As long as no disease, the majority of your baby's hair will over time and growth and development, gradually from thin to dense, from yellow to black, with the number of birth has nothing to do hair.
4, disease
It should be noted that, some baby hair is scarce and diseases. For example, some baby hair at birth, but few months later, occipital hair gradually worn away, fell off, a "pillow bald", but also accompanied by excessive sweating, irritability, bowel, symptoms such as crying, they are likely to is a lack of vitamin D caused rickets performance; certain trace elements such as zinc, iron deficiency, and genetic metabolic diseases will be manifested as sparse hair. Therefore, if 1-year-old baby sparse hair no significant improvement in the situation should be done timely detection of trace elements and other relevant checks to symptomatic treatment.
Some parents give their children to reduce the number of shampoo, for fear that the only hair wash. In fact, when the loss shampoo hair are aging, will not wash off; the contrary, the long-term non-shampoo, grease and sweat of the stimulus will cause secondary infection, but the impact of new hair growth.
Individual parents to return the baby's scalp ginger rub, I would like to increase blood circulation around the hair follicles to promote hair growth. This is useless there is no scientific basis. Through to the baby shaved to achieve more and more the way the growth of hair is very dangerous, because when the baby's hair razor scraper, many pores are subject to our naked eye can not see the damage, together with the razor head and the skin is not clean or not clean, bacteria take the opportunity to get a result, leading to a small localized abscess or pyogenic infection of skin.
The principle of baby hair care Often洗头发
Baby as a result of extremely fast growth, so a very high metabolism, so six months ago, it is best to wash once a day to baby hair, especially when the hot weather. 6 months later, can be changed to 2-3 days a hair wash. To keep hair clean and healthy could be to stimulate the scalp to promote hair growth and hair growth. If they do not give baby shampoo, scalp oil, sweat and pollutants will be to stimulate the scalp, caused by the scalp itching, blistering, and even infection. In this way, instead of making the hair easier to take off.
Should be noted that the mother to baby shampoo should be chosen pure, mild, non-stimulated baby shampoo, preferably easy to seethe. Also, wash your hair with your fingers to gently massage baby's belly scalp, hair must not rub hard to prevent difficult to sort out tangled hair, the hair off easily.
Regular hair
Mother who often took a special comb baby, as long as the convenience, to take out a few baby comb, comb hair as often scalp can stimulate and promote local blood circulation, help hair growth. However, do not use the comb is too hard, the best selection of rubber comb, because it both very flexible and soft, and not easy to damage your baby's tender scalp.
That needs attention is that the mother combing hair baby, we have to follow the natural growth of your baby's hair combing direction, action and hard to maintain consistent, not in accordance with the wishes of their own, forced to comb baby's hair to the opposite direction.
Balanced diet
Comprehensive and balanced nutrition for growth and development of your baby's hair is extremely important, therefore, we must add a complementary-month-old baby, being choosy food in time to correct the bad eating habits and diet to ensure that meat, fish, eggs, fruits and The intake of vegetables and mix of iodine-rich seaweed, kelp to baby food have always been. In this way, rich and adequate nutrients, the supply of blood circulation through the hair root, so that the hair grow stronger and more beautiful.
Adequate sleep
Your baby's brain has not yet mature, making it easy fatigue, lack of sleep, if, on the high physiological disorder, resulting in poor appetite, frequent crying and susceptible to diseases, and indirectly led to the growth of undesirable hair. Typically, the baby was born just a day to ensure 20 hours of sleep; 1-3 months to ensure that sleep 16-18 hours a day hours; 4-6 months, 15-16 hours a day to ensure that sleep; 7-9 months, every day to ensure that 14-15 hours of sleep; 10 months more than a day to ensure that sleep 10-13 hours.
The fetus in mothers womb 5 ~ 6 months, there is a dense body of lanugo, lanugo its head in the fetal 7 ~ 8 months, will be a major loss occurs. In the upcoming birth of your baby will gradually grow new hair; and the Department of the rear occipital hair does not fall, will fall after the baby was born. Therefore, babies born to 6 months after the emergence of a small amount of hair loss is a normal phenomenon.
2, genetic
The number of baby hair depends primarily on the number of genetic factors, there are individual differences. Hair more obvious genetic predisposition, quantity, color, etc. and the merits of a certain relationship between genetic. If the parents good hair, the better your baby's hair; parents bad hair, baby hair will be less.
3, growth
The growth of baby hair and body, like a long high, there are already late, and there is slow speed. As long as no disease, the majority of your baby's hair will over time and growth and development, gradually from thin to dense, from yellow to black, with the number of birth has nothing to do hair.
4, disease
It should be noted that, some baby hair is scarce and diseases. For example, some baby hair at birth, but few months later, occipital hair gradually worn away, fell off, a "pillow bald", but also accompanied by excessive sweating, irritability, bowel, symptoms such as crying, they are likely to is a lack of vitamin D caused rickets performance; certain trace elements such as zinc, iron deficiency, and genetic metabolic diseases will be manifested as sparse hair. Therefore, if 1-year-old baby sparse hair no significant improvement in the situation should be done timely detection of trace elements and other relevant checks to symptomatic treatment.
Some parents give their children to reduce the number of shampoo, for fear that the only hair wash. In fact, when the loss shampoo hair are aging, will not wash off; the contrary, the long-term non-shampoo, grease and sweat of the stimulus will cause secondary infection, but the impact of new hair growth.
Individual parents to return the baby's scalp ginger rub, I would like to increase blood circulation around the hair follicles to promote hair growth. This is useless there is no scientific basis. Through to the baby shaved to achieve more and more the way the growth of hair is very dangerous, because when the baby's hair razor scraper, many pores are subject to our naked eye can not see the damage, together with the razor head and the skin is not clean or not clean, bacteria take the opportunity to get a result, leading to a small localized abscess or pyogenic infection of skin.
The principle of baby hair care Often洗头发
Baby as a result of extremely fast growth, so a very high metabolism, so six months ago, it is best to wash once a day to baby hair, especially when the hot weather. 6 months later, can be changed to 2-3 days a hair wash. To keep hair clean and healthy could be to stimulate the scalp to promote hair growth and hair growth. If they do not give baby shampoo, scalp oil, sweat and pollutants will be to stimulate the scalp, caused by the scalp itching, blistering, and even infection. In this way, instead of making the hair easier to take off.
Should be noted that the mother to baby shampoo should be chosen pure, mild, non-stimulated baby shampoo, preferably easy to seethe. Also, wash your hair with your fingers to gently massage baby's belly scalp, hair must not rub hard to prevent difficult to sort out tangled hair, the hair off easily.
Regular hair
Mother who often took a special comb baby, as long as the convenience, to take out a few baby comb, comb hair as often scalp can stimulate and promote local blood circulation, help hair growth. However, do not use the comb is too hard, the best selection of rubber comb, because it both very flexible and soft, and not easy to damage your baby's tender scalp.
That needs attention is that the mother combing hair baby, we have to follow the natural growth of your baby's hair combing direction, action and hard to maintain consistent, not in accordance with the wishes of their own, forced to comb baby's hair to the opposite direction.
Balanced diet
Comprehensive and balanced nutrition for growth and development of your baby's hair is extremely important, therefore, we must add a complementary-month-old baby, being choosy food in time to correct the bad eating habits and diet to ensure that meat, fish, eggs, fruits and The intake of vegetables and mix of iodine-rich seaweed, kelp to baby food have always been. In this way, rich and adequate nutrients, the supply of blood circulation through the hair root, so that the hair grow stronger and more beautiful.
Adequate sleep
Your baby's brain has not yet mature, making it easy fatigue, lack of sleep, if, on the high physiological disorder, resulting in poor appetite, frequent crying and susceptible to diseases, and indirectly led to the growth of undesirable hair. Typically, the baby was born just a day to ensure 20 hours of sleep; 1-3 months to ensure that sleep 16-18 hours a day hours; 4-6 months, 15-16 hours a day to ensure that sleep; 7-9 months, every day to ensure that 14-15 hours of sleep; 10 months more than a day to ensure that sleep 10-13 hours.
Pediatric first aid burn family
Summer is the high incidence of children's burns quarter less summer clothing, children's burn injuries are often very soon. Children's Hospital, according to statistics, in June received since 50 burned children, which need to be hospitalized in serious condition 5. Pediatric burn some of the temporary first-aid knowledge to grasp the young parents, and community spread of some "burn first-aid" remedy, it must keep their eyes open, be used with caution.
Burns, director of plastic surgery to remind Professor Qiu Lin, in the event of scalding incidents, parents have to take a series of emergency measures in time, you can ease the injured children, if handled properly, it could increase the injury.
These parents can learn first aid burns: a red four-second off the three foam covered five sent. First of all is "red", with the flow of water washing; followed by the "off", in water and carefully cut off the clothes, or clothes are not distributed heat and continue to act on the wound, the wounds will deepen; followed by "bubble ": continuous immersion in cold water for at least 30 minutes; then" cover ": cover with a clean towel, such as hot Department; the last" free ": as soon as possible to hospital.
Parents to stay away from prescriptions, such as burn care errors: Do not smear sauce, vinegar, wine, toothpaste, and other non-ferrous and prescriptions drugs.
Let your baby how to deal with burns from the small area of burn and scald burn child not to be "taken to the hospital the first time"
Mom deserves the proposed collection of 12
Some people, they will directly or indirectly, and the baby to deal with, such as the stewardess, nurse or child car seat inspector. Now, we ask them to set in here, from the perspective of their mother to talk about their tips. Three-minute time out to listen to you?Sleep at night
The imposition of a sleep schedule to a newborn is not likely, but you can gradually help him to establish the difference between day and night. When he woke up the middle of the night, you do not turn on the lights Do not say anything, and to minimize the exchange of milk after feed back into the small bed, he gently. In contrast with the day to keep a "low profile", so baby can not know the night time, and he soon fell asleep again.
- Nanny
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding is a mother are all tense and exciting things, they always want to start the sooner the better. Indeed, breastfeeding is a very natural thing, but it also requires patience and mother with baby, as never to need a skilled process. Suggest that you prepare in advance, and as far as possible in the hospital doctors and nurses for their help.
- Breast-feeding experts
Two of the world
When the baby comes, a lot of things have been shelved, but we must ensure that the husband-wife relationship is not one of them. I often help my friends take care of her children and husband so that they can go out at night together. Of course, they will turn for us, "duty." Husband and wife live in separate time is very important, if you have a child no longer a great importance to the relationship between husband and wife, then when the children grow up, you will find you and your husband has been very alienated.
- A college student's mother
Happy flying
Even if you and your baby be allowed to check in advance, the best placement is also a parent to go and deal with the baby seat carry the luggage, while the other baby and sit to wait until after the check-all, this baby can be as short as possible time on the airplane. After the plane took off, if you need help, please notify us at any time, the plane usually have emergency health supplies, and we know how to heat your baby's bottle.
- Stewardess
Vigilance
Less than 1-year-old parents to pay special attention to prevent suffocation and poisoning their children, because children in this age everything to his mouth to release. Sometimes, inexperienced parents are not aware of the existence of the danger. For example, they know that supermarket shopping bags can cause suffocation, but are not aware of other plastics with the use of dangerous also.
- First-aid station staff
Beware of second-hand goods
Second-hand or borrowed to buy the car seat sometimes and not cost-effective, and perhaps it has not the "Manual" or failure of certain parts. Again, you do not know the adequacy of the safety car seat - has a lot of stress on the baby seat belt may be at risk as well.
- Car seat quality inspector
Crying small customers
If your child crying in the store, it is best to take him away. When you can not coax the child crying, the simplest way is to come back next time - this is you, the children, to other customers and staff is a good idea.
- Bookstore owner
Fatigue Signals
Just your baby's birth mother, please do not ashamed to health care workers or people close to ask for help, it is necessary to know that this is not a sign of weakness, at the same time this stage is not when you overexert. Must pay attention to their health, it is very important to your baby. Into the home side of things for the time being, let other people worry about it!
- A maternal
Relax
Many new mothers as long as a baby to hear sounds, they will immediately rushed over to hold your baby up from the bed. Wait a minute! In fact, just over a baby who may or not to appease the nipple. If you wait a little longer, he may sleep calmly. His relaxed, your baby's crying does not mean that the days to fall down.
- Mom Forum Moderators
Important recommendations
First of all, as we have, as talk over a lifetime: a good meal! Children because of physical strength you need. Another thing: We love to take care of your baby, but sometimes we also need to leave some of their own time and space, especially in the morning and evening every day.
- A grandmother
Vocational training
Generally speaking, are specially trained nurse and has a wealth of practical experience, so when the case of an emergency incident, such as the child swallowing or gas leak, they can do basically calmly. However, your nanny may not have any experience in this area. So, once you optimistic about this person and intends to retain her long-term, the best in child-rearing knowledge and common sense aspects of urban life "training." One way to more effective, in the nanny, "a term" nanny took the last week to take home so that they both have some time to transfer the work. While this may cost you to spend more, but it really effectively.
- Domestic corporate executives
The most basic needs
You may be from parents, relatives and friends, books or TV shows where a lot of recommendations on the child-care, at the end of may parents can not find the instinct. I have seen many such parents, they were mixed up a variety of proposals minds as a result, they no longer believe in their intuition in the end do not even know how to bring a child. In fact, calm down and think about it you will find that you and the children really need is to let him eat, wash him, and kiss often.
- Pediatrician
0-2 year-old baby in diapers Buying Guide
With the growth of your baby's development, they will become increasingly
active active, so they used diapers also need to be replaced. For as long
as your baby's diapers, no matter what brand and style you have a choice
but to buy time is to pay attention to the following matters.
active active, so they used diapers also need to be replaced. For as long
as your baby's diapers, no matter what brand and style you have a choice
but to buy time is to pay attention to the following matters.
Newborn babies:
Some parents would like some of the scalability of the diapers, so able to
adapt to the rapid growth of baby. You might also like the selection of a
number of U-changing, easy to clean baby. However, due to the needs of
newborn babies often need to change diapers, but also will not get dirty,
so this time the absorptive capacity of diapers is not a major problem.
5-8 months:
Since the beginning of this time your baby solid foods can be accepted, it
means that the baby will be thrown into the relatively dirty diapers, so
this time the selection of diapers are most in need of attention is the
changing nature of the leak. At the same time, baby sleep time may be
longer, so if your baby to sleep is the best time to choose some for the
design of baby diapers to sleep at night.
Large in September - two-year-old:
During this period the baby starting to walk, so the selection of diapers,
when attention should be paid to the scalability diapers. At the same time
we must pay attention to the replacement, because the baby in the sport
when sweating, urine can easily cause the emergence of measles.
More than two years of age:
At this time the baby started to learn how to go to the toilet a. Some
parents will choose to learn some of the disposable toilet-type pants, so
that as soon as possible to let the children learn how to the toilet, at
the same time when the unexpected has become a good protection. Others say
that using this method or not to let children learn to the toilet, because
the pants feel is very similar with the diapers, the direct use of pants
would be more appropriate. You can also try what would be more appropriate
for your child.
The choice of diapers
Some parents will feel that in this day and age the use of diapers may be
old-fashioned, but in fact there are parents choose disposable diapers.
Choice because the diapers diapers can be recycled, more environmentally
friendly compared to diapers at the same time is more economical. The use
of diapers from time to time parents will be discarded the use of too many
diapers, so that more clean look. At the same time, there are now some
diapers intimate design of the buttons, so do not use the rubber band, and
other auxiliary tools.
Parents use diapers or prepare some type of disposable diapers, because
the use of this time out will be more convenient changing. That is
generally discarded diapers urine locked to prevent skin allergies, and
the cotton diapers in the absorption capacity may be not so good, so
parents should pay attention to the timely replacement.
Tuesday, July 28, 2009
What is the best material to wear children's clothes
The texture of clothes and children's health related to it?
Clothing will help the body maintain a constant temperature, is one of the conditions for the maintenance of health. Temperature is low, the clothing so that body heat can be lost, however many; high temperatures without hindering the body's heat dissipation, and to prevent the sun's light and heat of the adverse effects on the human body. To achieve the above requirements, the requirements of clothing with thermal insulation and air permeability.
These characteristics is the production of apparel fabrics determined by the texture.
(1) insulation of a good fabric to wool as the most, followed by cotton, and finally the silk goods. Porous fabric that can store more air, so thick, loose insulation and good fabrics. At the same time, the color of fabric with the heat related. Power of small dark reflective fabric, heat absorption, and light-colored reflective fabric edge, and small heat absorption. Therefore, to use the song in winter, thick, dark hair, cotton clothes in summer to use the small, thin light-colored linen, silk clothes.
(2) good air permeability fabric can be of sweat from the skin and the dissemination of polluted air out and dry the skin to maintain and regulate body temperature. Therefore, good ventilation and to choose fabrics for the children in the production of clothing, plastic sheets, tarps, plastic sheeting, such as poor ventilation and should not do children's clothing and children diapers, so as not to affect the metabolism of skin.
(3) good moisture absorption by the fabric nature of the fiber. General hair, cotton fibers good moisture absorption and rapid dissemination to maintain the drying fabric helps clean the skin. Weave fabrics with moisture absorption, and knitting strong hygroscopicity than the plain weave. So plush knitting children wear clothes, not only has the soft features of insulation, and its air permeability or moisture absorption. But not with rough wool, so as not to stimulate the skin, the moisture absorption of man-made fibers poor, are not suitable for underwear. Children underwear to cotton clothing is best.
Children wear synthetic underwear to do good?
At present, a variety of synthetic fabric products are more to do with this fabric underwear, some people may cause allergic reactions. Skin young children, it is even more prone to adverse reactions. Mainly due to poor water absorption of synthetic fibers, sweat attached to the skin, causing micro-organisms to multiply and corruption, fermentation, in order to induce allergy and eczema. In addition the production process of synthetic fibers mixed with the raw material monomer, ammonia, methanol, such as micro-chemical composition, very irritating for children. So avoid wearing synthetic underwear for children, especially newborn babies, we can not use chemical fiber cloth wool sweater, but to the entire selection of soft cotton cloth soft orange underwear.
Children summer you can wear synthetic fabrics?
Summer people sweat more, especially children, autonomic easily excited, and active in peacetime, more sweat. Although the fiber types of thin fabric, but it is weak permeability not Sweat-absorbent, it is difficult to heat, causing the skin sweat dependent, can not be scheduled out, feel comfortable and also easier to Health prickly heat, and even suffering from sores, boils, etc.. In addition, chemical fiber products are also likely to cause skin allergies, and even allergy-induced asthma, urticaria, dermatitis and other diseases.
Therefore, children with the best summer clothes for ventilation, cooling, moisture absorption of cotton fabric.
Clothing will help the body maintain a constant temperature, is one of the conditions for the maintenance of health. Temperature is low, the clothing so that body heat can be lost, however many; high temperatures without hindering the body's heat dissipation, and to prevent the sun's light and heat of the adverse effects on the human body. To achieve the above requirements, the requirements of clothing with thermal insulation and air permeability.
These characteristics is the production of apparel fabrics determined by the texture.
(1) insulation of a good fabric to wool as the most, followed by cotton, and finally the silk goods. Porous fabric that can store more air, so thick, loose insulation and good fabrics. At the same time, the color of fabric with the heat related. Power of small dark reflective fabric, heat absorption, and light-colored reflective fabric edge, and small heat absorption. Therefore, to use the song in winter, thick, dark hair, cotton clothes in summer to use the small, thin light-colored linen, silk clothes.
(2) good air permeability fabric can be of sweat from the skin and the dissemination of polluted air out and dry the skin to maintain and regulate body temperature. Therefore, good ventilation and to choose fabrics for the children in the production of clothing, plastic sheets, tarps, plastic sheeting, such as poor ventilation and should not do children's clothing and children diapers, so as not to affect the metabolism of skin.
(3) good moisture absorption by the fabric nature of the fiber. General hair, cotton fibers good moisture absorption and rapid dissemination to maintain the drying fabric helps clean the skin. Weave fabrics with moisture absorption, and knitting strong hygroscopicity than the plain weave. So plush knitting children wear clothes, not only has the soft features of insulation, and its air permeability or moisture absorption. But not with rough wool, so as not to stimulate the skin, the moisture absorption of man-made fibers poor, are not suitable for underwear. Children underwear to cotton clothing is best.
Children wear synthetic underwear to do good?
At present, a variety of synthetic fabric products are more to do with this fabric underwear, some people may cause allergic reactions. Skin young children, it is even more prone to adverse reactions. Mainly due to poor water absorption of synthetic fibers, sweat attached to the skin, causing micro-organisms to multiply and corruption, fermentation, in order to induce allergy and eczema. In addition the production process of synthetic fibers mixed with the raw material monomer, ammonia, methanol, such as micro-chemical composition, very irritating for children. So avoid wearing synthetic underwear for children, especially newborn babies, we can not use chemical fiber cloth wool sweater, but to the entire selection of soft cotton cloth soft orange underwear.
Children summer you can wear synthetic fabrics?
Summer people sweat more, especially children, autonomic easily excited, and active in peacetime, more sweat. Although the fiber types of thin fabric, but it is weak permeability not Sweat-absorbent, it is difficult to heat, causing the skin sweat dependent, can not be scheduled out, feel comfortable and also easier to Health prickly heat, and even suffering from sores, boils, etc.. In addition, chemical fiber products are also likely to cause skin allergies, and even allergy-induced asthma, urticaria, dermatitis and other diseases.
Therefore, children with the best summer clothes for ventilation, cooling, moisture absorption of cotton fabric.
Erosion of the spirit of the child mind virus
"Mental virus" refers to certain "role" to the people of the poor image of the adverse effects of serious harm can be seen as the soul of children's "spiritual virus." Of course, it is not a biological sense of the virus, which like the destruction of computer hardware, software, computer virus, is a violation of human brain, the virus destroyed the soul of children. "The role of the virus" through the yellow network, a terrorist video films, pornographic books and magazines reported that the special role of the image of plastic into the minds of minors, the occupation of their spiritual world, with the result that many children's fantasies of certain "role", and even play some unusual and even criminal "role."
The spirit of macrophage tropic virus, why children?
This was a bit like a biological virus, because children do not have resistance. Like measles, chicken pox, polio virus go far, the special attack is not a healthy immune function in infants and young children; the same token, not a sound in the brain function, especially children's well-being psychological development is very fragile and most likely to incur violations .
Even access to primary and secondary schools, and their cognitive development and thinking ability has yet to perfect the self and the environment, as well as distinguish the authenticity of things. Their wealth to the imagination, often fantasy, desire and reality blending together, to enter their audio-visual for the bizarre eccentric characters are genuine and not distinguish good and evil. Often the role of fantasy as idol worship.
Is against the spirit of virus interference psychological development, leading to psychological disorders of children becoming more prominent, resulting in the child lying, truancy, running away from home, drug abuse, alcoholism; neurosis, paranoia, schizophrenia harassment of minors; youth suicide, murder, destruction of public property, injury vicious animals has occurred frequently.
Strategy to face the spirit of the virus
Can not be developed now to avoid the media and the proliferation of multi-cultural, spiritual garbage pollution can not be avoided. You want to control their children isolated, non-contact, "the source of infection" is not! We can not be avoided like measles, influenza virus, like. The only way is the Church to face its children how to resist the infection, the elimination of pollution, so that children truly emerge unstained from filth.
Enhance the "immune" television program, as well as literary works can not be separated from real life "role", even the clown, are an indispensable role in the negative, we can not refuse the existence of the role, but also can not change them to attract, seduction, not the instigation of the image of adults. The development of modern information network, your role will not be able to cut off contact with the children. Route of transmission is continuously cut, then the role to prevent the spread of the virus is the only way to strengthen the immunity of the susceptible population. Allow children to life, to the "role" to accept the middle of excitement, stood Sharpen, of course, must keep pace with the education.
Slightly larger number of children, should let him know the difference between truth and illusion, art and fiction literature, film and television production and processing of films, especially those particularly strange mysterious substance of the lens can not be believed.
Built for the children, "anti-Wall" to guard against computer viruses can be installed antivirus software, that is, to resist and eliminate all kinds of viruses. Role in HIV prevention, we can learn from the anti-virus tools as early as ignorant children that enter the minds of some health and to identify good and bad, true or cognitive process, for them to build the world's naive psychology with an "anti-virus wall "? You can use their own personal experiences into the story of the preparation process, enter the minds of children. You should also learn at any time around him, especially those who shook the community, "Xiong injury," "suicide terror" events such as the "role of information" to educate our children.
The spirit of macrophage tropic virus, why children?
This was a bit like a biological virus, because children do not have resistance. Like measles, chicken pox, polio virus go far, the special attack is not a healthy immune function in infants and young children; the same token, not a sound in the brain function, especially children's well-being psychological development is very fragile and most likely to incur violations .
Even access to primary and secondary schools, and their cognitive development and thinking ability has yet to perfect the self and the environment, as well as distinguish the authenticity of things. Their wealth to the imagination, often fantasy, desire and reality blending together, to enter their audio-visual for the bizarre eccentric characters are genuine and not distinguish good and evil. Often the role of fantasy as idol worship.
Is against the spirit of virus interference psychological development, leading to psychological disorders of children becoming more prominent, resulting in the child lying, truancy, running away from home, drug abuse, alcoholism; neurosis, paranoia, schizophrenia harassment of minors; youth suicide, murder, destruction of public property, injury vicious animals has occurred frequently.
Strategy to face the spirit of the virus
Can not be developed now to avoid the media and the proliferation of multi-cultural, spiritual garbage pollution can not be avoided. You want to control their children isolated, non-contact, "the source of infection" is not! We can not be avoided like measles, influenza virus, like. The only way is the Church to face its children how to resist the infection, the elimination of pollution, so that children truly emerge unstained from filth.
Enhance the "immune" television program, as well as literary works can not be separated from real life "role", even the clown, are an indispensable role in the negative, we can not refuse the existence of the role, but also can not change them to attract, seduction, not the instigation of the image of adults. The development of modern information network, your role will not be able to cut off contact with the children. Route of transmission is continuously cut, then the role to prevent the spread of the virus is the only way to strengthen the immunity of the susceptible population. Allow children to life, to the "role" to accept the middle of excitement, stood Sharpen, of course, must keep pace with the education.
Slightly larger number of children, should let him know the difference between truth and illusion, art and fiction literature, film and television production and processing of films, especially those particularly strange mysterious substance of the lens can not be believed.
Built for the children, "anti-Wall" to guard against computer viruses can be installed antivirus software, that is, to resist and eliminate all kinds of viruses. Role in HIV prevention, we can learn from the anti-virus tools as early as ignorant children that enter the minds of some health and to identify good and bad, true or cognitive process, for them to build the world's naive psychology with an "anti-virus wall "? You can use their own personal experiences into the story of the preparation process, enter the minds of children. You should also learn at any time around him, especially those who shook the community, "Xiong injury," "suicide terror" events such as the "role of information" to educate our children.
Food to help baby sunscreen
In order for your baby to stay away from the greatest possible sunburn, security through the summer, in addition to the necessary protection measures, we have a lot more options then! For example, select some functional food with sunscreen. Like food and also the mother and baby can share your food sunscreen, the sun does not hurt your baby, you better whitening Oh!
Collagen: a German scholar of Domsch et al study shows that for 2000, with average molecular weight collagen peptide match 10% of the solution, rub the skin a certain period of time every time, after 48 hours can make the UV-induced skin pigmentation about 25% plaque reduction. Bird's nest, frozen pig, Pig, chicken's feet, skin are collagen-rich food. Effective system of collagen tyrosinase activity to reduce the generation of melanin.
Collagen: a German scholar of Domsch et al study shows that for 2000, with average molecular weight collagen peptide match 10% of the solution, rub the skin a certain period of time every time, after 48 hours can make the UV-induced skin pigmentation about 25% plaque reduction. Bird's nest, frozen pig, Pig, chicken's feet, skin are collagen-rich food. Effective system of collagen tyrosinase activity to reduce the generation of melanin.
Vegetables: Some vegetables, they will be magically converted into sunscreen material, but also more durable than sunscreen because they are not water wash. Such as tomato food is a very good sun protection. Tomato is rich in antioxidants, lycopene, 16 mg daily intake of lycopene may be the risk of sunburn coefficient decreased by 40%. Tomato cooked better than raw. At the same time to eat tomatoes to eat some potatoes or carrots would be more effective, in which β-carotene can effectively block the UV. In addition, attention should be paid to a number of less sensitive vegetable intake, such as white radish, celery, parsley, etc., easily eaten skin pigmentation.
Fruit categories: want to have a healthy bright skin sunburn easily, almost every dermatologist will suggest that you eat 2-3 a day of high-dimensional C fruit, guava, kiwi, strawberries, cherry tomatoes, or citrus are .
Nuts: a lack of vitamin B can cause pigmentation in summer eat some foods containing vitamin B, peanuts and so on. Family in the vitamin B, vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, to maintain the normal metabolism of skin, so silky smooth skin, fold flattening, decreased pigment, the elimination of spots, its main food sources, including soybean and its products.
Fish: scientific research found that three times a week to eat fish can protect against the skin from UV. Long-term fish can provide people with a similar natural sunscreen protection for skin whitening.
So that infants and young children away from pesticides
Scorching summer, many families will be the expulsion of mosquito insecticide spraying. Experts remind that pesticides on infants and young children a great health hazard, we must allow infants and young children away from pesticides. Experts point out that detergent, detergent, pesticides, air fresheners or perfumes, these appear to be normal common household items, if contact with infants and young children will harm their health.
Many pesticides contain pests harmful ingredients in regular contact can cause headaches and dizziness and even neurological abnormalities, the infant can not use the room. Even in the living room or other room, as long as it is the activities of infants and young children may be local, should also pay attention to use. Infants and young children are not at home the best use of pesticides, spraying the room an hour and a half after the window for ventilation, and then let the child inside.
Experts suggest that parents should wash their hands after the use of pesticides, the replacement of clothing. Spraying of insecticides in the kitchen, the need to tableware, kitchen supplies to keep in order to avoid pollution. If the use of drugs such as cockroaches solid pesticides, should be placed in infants and young children can not see, can not get the hidden places. Do not waste pesticides in soft drinks bottle, so as to avoid accidental.
In addition, detergents, cleaning agents contain a variety of chemical agents most vulnerable infants and young children corrosion delicate skin should be avoided so that they touch. Any detergents, cleaning agents, it is necessary to place infants and young children can not get a place; just use detergent to clean off the furniture, not to allow infants and young children can touch. Scrub off furniture, washed kitchenware, tableware, parents should be hand washed and re-exposure to infants and young children.
Many pesticides contain pests harmful ingredients in regular contact can cause headaches and dizziness and even neurological abnormalities, the infant can not use the room. Even in the living room or other room, as long as it is the activities of infants and young children may be local, should also pay attention to use. Infants and young children are not at home the best use of pesticides, spraying the room an hour and a half after the window for ventilation, and then let the child inside.
Experts suggest that parents should wash their hands after the use of pesticides, the replacement of clothing. Spraying of insecticides in the kitchen, the need to tableware, kitchen supplies to keep in order to avoid pollution. If the use of drugs such as cockroaches solid pesticides, should be placed in infants and young children can not see, can not get the hidden places. Do not waste pesticides in soft drinks bottle, so as to avoid accidental.
In addition, detergents, cleaning agents contain a variety of chemical agents most vulnerable infants and young children corrosion delicate skin should be avoided so that they touch. Any detergents, cleaning agents, it is necessary to place infants and young children can not get a place; just use detergent to clean off the furniture, not to allow infants and young children can touch. Scrub off furniture, washed kitchenware, tableware, parents should be hand washed and re-exposure to infants and young children.
Beware of children bike twisted foot injury
We live in a bike is the most common means of transport, especially for young parents who, after the installation of the bike seat, children go out in a convenient and fast. However, children riding a bicycle, if the children pay no attention to the location of the foot release, not after the child's seat with the pedal of a bicycle wheel spacing on a protective device, it is likely that your baby's tiny feet were twisted in the bike round, this kind of thing happen very often.
Children sitting in the back seat, the active nature of the activities so that they would like the activities of the total ability to walk, and sometimes out of curiosity will be out of the wheel in feet, so the foot is likely to be injured rotary cutter wheels, ranging from subcutaneous hematoma, edema, skin abrasions; heavy foot ligament injury will be.
Children have been twisted in order to avoid injury, bicycle seat post must have a small pedal to prevent the child's tiny feet hung a foot cutter inattentive. At the same time, after the seat and between the wheels should be separated from the plastic or metal baffle, so that children can not stretch the wheel of bound feet. In addition, we must educate our children to foot on the wheel is dangerous.
If there is a twist injury, when in dealing with different treatments. Epidermal injury, can be used after the syrup mercurochrome, Apply sterile gauze. If there is bruising of the hematoma, but no broken skin, they should immediately do so partially with cold water cold, so that local capillary contraction, this time, avoid using hot water or apply heat to rub feet Huoxue medicine, as it can only increase the bleeding,
Children sitting in the back seat, the active nature of the activities so that they would like the activities of the total ability to walk, and sometimes out of curiosity will be out of the wheel in feet, so the foot is likely to be injured rotary cutter wheels, ranging from subcutaneous hematoma, edema, skin abrasions; heavy foot ligament injury will be.
Children have been twisted in order to avoid injury, bicycle seat post must have a small pedal to prevent the child's tiny feet hung a foot cutter inattentive. At the same time, after the seat and between the wheels should be separated from the plastic or metal baffle, so that children can not stretch the wheel of bound feet. In addition, we must educate our children to foot on the wheel is dangerous.
If there is a twist injury, when in dealing with different treatments. Epidermal injury, can be used after the syrup mercurochrome, Apply sterile gauze. If there is bruising of the hematoma, but no broken skin, they should immediately do so partially with cold water cold, so that local capillary contraction, this time, avoid using hot water or apply heat to rub feet Huoxue medicine, as it can only increase the bleeding,
Emphasis on the details of anti-baby injuries
Anyone want to give kids a space to play freely, but parents are often
not aware of the warm and comfortable home also hidden trap harm children,
then, to the children's safety, home life, which should pay attention to
details?
Children with the windows, keep a safe distance from the balcony
Many are infants and young children falling from windows, balcony fall
death or serious injury. Therefore parents should pay special attention
to, do not display in the window of a child can climb the table, chairs
and other furniture, windows to install a certain height of railings. In
the open windows to keep children out of will not to the width. Balcony
railings must be high enough, the child is not easy to climb, the width
between railings to small, easily drilled the children.
Do not let the stairs, furniture has become a potential risk of children
Training children to climb the steps of skill and find new places will be
followed by adult children or children that come to the Department level.
As the child's body in a growth phase, when in the up and down the steps
to maintain a balance not easily prone to falls. Therefore, the steps of
the house not to place anything, at least one side handrails should be
installed in both day and night lighting should be adequate. There are the
steps if the carpet, carpet edges and do not want to pave. Infants and
young children at home can also be fitted with a level Department infants
door, side door latch on to. In addition, the child will be from any of
the furniture there is a high degree drops, such as bed, table, chairs and
so on. Careful not to let children climb tables and chairs, when a child
sitting in height, it is necessary to care at all times in the next, it is
best to use the child seat has seat belts and sitting in a chair when the
child told him not to stand up.
Beware of tripping, falling and falling
Ground water, ground or uneven floor in the room there are toys, shoes and
other objects when children are likely to lead to a fall. To prevent
tripping, falling and the occurrence of a fall, should ensure that the
floor of the home is not all sorts of things, there is water on the ground
to dry immediately. End of toys in the children immediately to clean up
the toys to a safe place and not scattered on the ground. In addition, at
home in bathtubs and showers to be fitted with handrails, and covered with
anti-skid pad.
not aware of the warm and comfortable home also hidden trap harm children,
then, to the children's safety, home life, which should pay attention to
details?
Children with the windows, keep a safe distance from the balcony
Many are infants and young children falling from windows, balcony fall
death or serious injury. Therefore parents should pay special attention
to, do not display in the window of a child can climb the table, chairs
and other furniture, windows to install a certain height of railings. In
the open windows to keep children out of will not to the width. Balcony
railings must be high enough, the child is not easy to climb, the width
between railings to small, easily drilled the children.
Do not let the stairs, furniture has become a potential risk of children
Training children to climb the steps of skill and find new places will be
followed by adult children or children that come to the Department level.
As the child's body in a growth phase, when in the up and down the steps
to maintain a balance not easily prone to falls. Therefore, the steps of
the house not to place anything, at least one side handrails should be
installed in both day and night lighting should be adequate. There are the
steps if the carpet, carpet edges and do not want to pave. Infants and
young children at home can also be fitted with a level Department infants
door, side door latch on to. In addition, the child will be from any of
the furniture there is a high degree drops, such as bed, table, chairs and
so on. Careful not to let children climb tables and chairs, when a child
sitting in height, it is necessary to care at all times in the next, it is
best to use the child seat has seat belts and sitting in a chair when the
child told him not to stand up.
Beware of tripping, falling and falling
Ground water, ground or uneven floor in the room there are toys, shoes and
other objects when children are likely to lead to a fall. To prevent
tripping, falling and the occurrence of a fall, should ensure that the
floor of the home is not all sorts of things, there is water on the ground
to dry immediately. End of toys in the children immediately to clean up
the toys to a safe place and not scattered on the ground. In addition, at
home in bathtubs and showers to be fitted with handrails, and covered with
anti-skid pad.
Monday, July 27, 2009
What is adverse drug reactions
Adverse drug reactions generally refers to the normal usage, the amount of the cases, or harmful to the human body in responding to accidents. However, arising from improper use of the reaction, such as using the wrong drugs and doses, drug abuse, suicide, such as over-medication are not included. World Health Organization Adverse Drug Reaction on a broad definition as: "for the prevention, diagnosis or treatment of diseases, or for the improvement of physiological function and taking the appropriate dose caused by the harmful, unintended or unwanted response to treatment."
Adverse drug reactions, including side effects, toxicity, allergic reactions, especially the role of heterogeneous reactions and teratogenesis.
1, side-effects: the more common side effects of drugs means the use of therapeutic doses of drugs, with the emergence of the disease and treatment purposes unrelated to the other and the role of inevitable. A drug often has a variety of roles, when people use one role, the role of the rest will be referred to as side-effects. Therapeutic effects of drugs and side effects of drug itself has pharmacological properties, they are relative, with the aim of treatment change. For example, ephedrine has excited the central nervous system and contraction of blood vessels, or the role of hypertension, such as for the treatment of low blood pressure, then the excitement caused by the central nervous system side effects is insomnia; the other hand, if the spirit for the treatment of depressive illness, then the blood pressure or is the side-effects of a high.
2, toxic reactions: drug toxicity refers to the body caused by more serious disorders and even the pathological changes of organs of a more serious side effects. In addition to individual body mass is particularly sensitive, the most toxic response was due to excessive use of pharmaceutical or drug use caused by too much time, the degree of its severity and the medication dose is closely related to the length of time. Even in the commonly used doses, some patients appear for various reasons toxicity. Such as liver and kidney is the body of drug metabolism and excretion of the most important organs, when their function is impaired, the drug can not be normal metabolism and excretion, it is easy to savings in the body, causing poisoning.
3, allergic reactions: allergic reactions, also known as allergic, idiosyncratic means of the use of certain drugs in patients with adverse reactions such as itching, various types of skin rashes, urticaria and anaphylactic shock. The occurrence of allergic reactions and pharmacological nature of the drug itself has nothing to do with the drugs is also not directly related to dose. For most people, even if the toxic dose of an allergic reaction will not occur, and patients with specific physical, when in the use of a very small dose can occur if there is contact with people who only penicillin solution will cause severe allergic reactions. Only as a result of allergic reactions occurred in patients with specific physical, the incidence rate is not high, but sometimes the consequences could be serious, even fatal, should be sufficient attention.
4, Special heterogeneous reaction: a very small number of people refer to the application of some medicine and pharmacological effects resulting from the reaction of no relevance. This special feature of heterogeneous reaction of congenital, often hereditary enzyme defects exist, normal non-performance in the application only after the incidence of certain drugs. Such as glucose -6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency patients, the application of certain oxidizing drugs can lead to hemolysis.
5, Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy refers to pregnant women taking on the embryo or fetus after the adverse reaction, the reaction caused by a very large extent, depend on the medication at the time of pregnancy stages of pregnancy. Gestation period of the previous three months, the impact of drugs on the fetus's largest, easily lead to fetal
The use of vitamin D
Vitamin D is rickets prevention and treatment drug. Vitamin D include vitamin D2 and D3, is the survival of flora and fauna during the UV irradiation by sunlight, by the inactive precursor of vitamin D into active vitamin D. Vitamin D2 and D3 is identical to the role and purpose.
At present, commonly used oral preparations of vitamin D are:1, concentrated drops cod liver oil: vitamin A50000 per ml units, units of vitamin D5000.2, ordinary cod liver oil capsules: Each capsule contains Vitamin A3000 units, units of vitamin D300.3, concentrated cod liver oil capsules: Each capsule contains Vitamin A10000 units, 1,000 units of vitamin.4, vitamin pills D2: Each unit contains vitamin D210000.5, vitamin D3 tablets: each unit containing vitamin D310000.6, the Iraqi Kexin 0-1-year-old capsule formulations: A1500 Each unit contains vitamin, vitamin unit D500. More than 1-year-old agent: A2000 Each unit contains vitamin, vitamin unit D700. There are also injections: Vitamin D2 40 million units / ml, vitamin D3 30 million units / ml or 60 million units / ml.
So, how do agents choose different? Should be based on the situation of children and the use of different purposes with different agents.
The prevention of rickets: two weeks after the neonatal period, the daily intake of vitamin D400 units, premature infants and two fetuses in March the amount of the former should be doubled, that is, 800 units a day later changed to 400 units per day. 2 years after the growth slowed down the increase in outdoor activities, food diversification, rickets generally less liable to occur, there was no need to increase service of vitamin D. Long-term use of antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin that, phenobarbital and other drugs in patients, should be a daily supplement of vitamin D 2000 units. This is because this type of antiepileptic drug can speed up the vitamin D inactivation in the liver, resulting in a lack of vitamin D. Since the dose used to prevent small selection of cod liver oil or cod liver oil drops more convenient pill.
In addition, for the prevention of rickets in infants should be doing outreach work, starting from the pregnancy. Pregnant women and lactating mothers diet deployment, eat more vitamin D and calcium-rich foods, should be more than the sun, during 4 to 5 months after the service should be D400 unit of calcium and vitamins.
Treatment of rickets: vitamin D on the existing deficiency rickets in children, should be based on the stage of the disease using the therapeutic dose of vitamin D, vitamin D need to choose a simple preparation. Cod liver oil contains vitamins A and D, does not apply to the treatment of rickets, due to the therapeutic dosage of vitamin D, because at the same time containing excessive vitamin A can lead to vitamin A poisoning.
1, general therapy: early rickets, daily oral vitamin D5000-10000 units; irritable rickets period, daily oral vitamin D1 million -2 million units. Were later renamed in January continued to prevent usage. Recovery tends to be used to prevent dose.
2, shock therapy: high-dose vitamin D shock therapy, rickets generally used only for serious complications in children and can not be taken orally. Intramuscular injection of vitamin D2 or D330 million units 1, partitions in January after the dose of prevention services. But generally do not promote the use of rickets, caused by vitamin D to prevent poisoning.
It should be stressed that because of the impact of diet, dietary intake of calcium enough, with the exception of breast-feeding infants, the vitamin D at the same time, we should take calcium at the same time. Varieties currently on the market a lot of calcium, the calcium content also varied widely, such as the calcium carbonate reached 40% of calcium chloride 27% calcium, and calcium in calcium gluconate is only 9 %. Selection of calcium dissolved easily choose the times, elements of high calcium and easy-to-use formulations.
In children's phimosis treatment
In the pediatric patient, we could always hear the parents with a baby asked the doctor: "My children do not lack of calcium?." The so-called calcium deficiency that is due to a lack of vitamin D caused by abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism in vivo, resulting in poor bone calcification caused by developmental abnormalities caused by bone lesions, the formation of vitamin D deficiency rickets.
What then is the vitamin D do? What it do? Vitamin D is a steroid derivative, with anti-rickets effect, it called the anti-rickets vitamin. Many different types of vitamin D, which are the more important of vitamin D2 (curing alcohol) and vitamin D3 (alcohol curing lamps). Vitamin D and vitamin A often coexist in the cod liver oil, but also in the liver, milk, egg yolk. Subcutaneous tissue in the body of 7 - dehydrocholesterol (vitamin D3 original), or ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, it can be transformed into vitamin D3. Contain vegetable oil and yeast ergosterol, by ultraviolet radiation can be converted into vitamin D2. Can also be synthetic vitamin D2.
Vitamin D2 and D3 structures are very similar, both soluble in fats, oils and organic solvents such as ether, should not be in the water, it is known as the fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin D on the air and light sensitive, especially when the heating is more susceptible to damage and should be stored in dark environments.
Injection and oral vitamin D are easily absorbed into the blood circulation after absorption, with the blood flow into the liver or to enter into muscle, adipose tissue storage. Vitamin D in the liver cells first into a 25 - hydroxy vitamin D3, vitamin D3 which is in the blood circulation in the main form has a certain anti-rickets activity; into the blood circulation of 25 - hydroxy vitamin D3 in the kidney into a further 1, 25 - dihydroxy vitamin D3, vitamin D This is the hormone-like substances. It can thus be seen, liver, renal dysfunction will affect the process of hydroxylation of vitamin D, which is the liver, and renal causes of rickets.
The physiological function of vitamin D to promote calcium absorption in the intestine, promoting renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus to calcium, phosphorus concentrations increased; In addition, in common with the in vivo role of other hormones, promote the absorption of old bone, that is, dissolving the calcium of bone will be transferred to the blood calcium and phosphorus, so that the concentration of blood calcium and phosphorus, which is beneficial to calcium in the formation of new bone parts calm, so that the role of enhanced ossification and promote bone tissue calcification, which is Infant bone growth factor can not be lack of nutrition.
Normal pediatric daily requirements of vitamin D of 400-800 units. The source of the human body vitamins there are two ways First, in mice, by ultraviolet radiation in human skin so that 7 - dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3. Another way is outside the iatrogenic, that is, the food intake of vitamin D.
Often a lack of vitamin D was due to the following aspects: ① by inadequate food intake; ② insufficient sunlight; ③ intestinal malabsorption; ④ grow too fast, the required vitamin D and more.
Although vitamin D to regulate calcium metabolism plays an important role, but it can not be too much use, so as to avoid vitamin D intoxication.>
What then is the vitamin D do? What it do? Vitamin D is a steroid derivative, with anti-rickets effect, it called the anti-rickets vitamin. Many different types of vitamin D, which are the more important of vitamin D2 (curing alcohol) and vitamin D3 (alcohol curing lamps). Vitamin D and vitamin A often coexist in the cod liver oil, but also in the liver, milk, egg yolk. Subcutaneous tissue in the body of 7 - dehydrocholesterol (vitamin D3 original), or ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, it can be transformed into vitamin D3. Contain vegetable oil and yeast ergosterol, by ultraviolet radiation can be converted into vitamin D2. Can also be synthetic vitamin D2.
Vitamin D2 and D3 structures are very similar, both soluble in fats, oils and organic solvents such as ether, should not be in the water, it is known as the fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin D on the air and light sensitive, especially when the heating is more susceptible to damage and should be stored in dark environments.
Injection and oral vitamin D are easily absorbed into the blood circulation after absorption, with the blood flow into the liver or to enter into muscle, adipose tissue storage. Vitamin D in the liver cells first into a 25 - hydroxy vitamin D3, vitamin D3 which is in the blood circulation in the main form has a certain anti-rickets activity; into the blood circulation of 25 - hydroxy vitamin D3 in the kidney into a further 1, 25 - dihydroxy vitamin D3, vitamin D This is the hormone-like substances. It can thus be seen, liver, renal dysfunction will affect the process of hydroxylation of vitamin D, which is the liver, and renal causes of rickets.
The physiological function of vitamin D to promote calcium absorption in the intestine, promoting renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus to calcium, phosphorus concentrations increased; In addition, in common with the in vivo role of other hormones, promote the absorption of old bone, that is, dissolving the calcium of bone will be transferred to the blood calcium and phosphorus, so that the concentration of blood calcium and phosphorus, which is beneficial to calcium in the formation of new bone parts calm, so that the role of enhanced ossification and promote bone tissue calcification, which is Infant bone growth factor can not be lack of nutrition.
Normal pediatric daily requirements of vitamin D of 400-800 units. The source of the human body vitamins there are two ways First, in mice, by ultraviolet radiation in human skin so that 7 - dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3. Another way is outside the iatrogenic, that is, the food intake of vitamin D.
Often a lack of vitamin D was due to the following aspects: ① by inadequate food intake; ② insufficient sunlight; ③ intestinal malabsorption; ④ grow too fast, the required vitamin D and more.
Although vitamin D to regulate calcium metabolism plays an important role, but it can not be too much use, so as to avoid vitamin D intoxication.>
What is antipyretic analgesics
Antipyretic analgesics are a class of analgesic effect of antipyretic drugs, and some also have anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatism, anti-gout role. Because of their chemical structure and mechanism is different from the steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid analgesics, this type of drug also known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and non-narcotic analgesics. Currently commonly used antipyretic analgesic drug aspirin, paracetamol, analgin, Buloh classification, mainly for the anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin and naproxen.
Antipyretic analgesic drugs on the clinical type and compound preparation more attention should be chosen.
1, antipyretic effect: The effect of antipyretic drugs, and the role of a reliable and rapid, mainly by increasing the cooling process, the process of producing non-thermal effects of heat allows the body temperature returned to normal children, but had no effect on normal body temperature. Antipyretic analgesics should be noted that only for the symptomatic treatment of fever and can not lift the root causes of disease.
2, and analgesic effects: pain in their daily lives frequently. Antipyretic analgesic drugs for high fever, long-term low-heat, cold, acute rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases caused by a variety of moderate pain and chronic dull pain, such as headache, neuralgia, toothache, joint pain, muscle pain, such as better However, traumatic pain and visceral smooth muscle cramps such as intestinal cramps, stomach pains, such as null and void. The analgesic effect of drugs with different opioids in the treatment of antipyretic analgesic dose under a state of mental awareness, and other feel no effect, a long time with no addiction.
3, anti-rheumatoid effect: This type of drugs unless phenacetin, acetaminophen (paracetamol), there are strong anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic effect. For rheumatoid arthritis, acute and chronic, such as ventilation and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. When the local area of inflammation there is a material called prostaglandin synthesis, which appears red, swollen, heat, pain and other symptoms. The role of antipyretic analgesic drugs is the main inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which could play a role in treatment.
As a result of aminopyrine and phenacetin toxicity of the larger, the Ministry of Health in 1982 has eliminated the unilateral preparation of the two drugs, but with these two ingredients are still the clinical use of compound preparation, the compound responsible for these agents to be aware that not to abuse.
Antipyretic analgesic drugs on the clinical type and compound preparation more attention should be chosen.
1, antipyretic effect: The effect of antipyretic drugs, and the role of a reliable and rapid, mainly by increasing the cooling process, the process of producing non-thermal effects of heat allows the body temperature returned to normal children, but had no effect on normal body temperature. Antipyretic analgesics should be noted that only for the symptomatic treatment of fever and can not lift the root causes of disease.
2, and analgesic effects: pain in their daily lives frequently. Antipyretic analgesic drugs for high fever, long-term low-heat, cold, acute rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases caused by a variety of moderate pain and chronic dull pain, such as headache, neuralgia, toothache, joint pain, muscle pain, such as better However, traumatic pain and visceral smooth muscle cramps such as intestinal cramps, stomach pains, such as null and void. The analgesic effect of drugs with different opioids in the treatment of antipyretic analgesic dose under a state of mental awareness, and other feel no effect, a long time with no addiction.
3, anti-rheumatoid effect: This type of drugs unless phenacetin, acetaminophen (paracetamol), there are strong anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic effect. For rheumatoid arthritis, acute and chronic, such as ventilation and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. When the local area of inflammation there is a material called prostaglandin synthesis, which appears red, swollen, heat, pain and other symptoms. The role of antipyretic analgesic drugs is the main inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which could play a role in treatment.
As a result of aminopyrine and phenacetin toxicity of the larger, the Ministry of Health in 1982 has eliminated the unilateral preparation of the two drugs, but with these two ingredients are still the clinical use of compound preparation, the compound responsible for these agents to be aware that not to abuse.
Commonly used route of administration which
Drug therapy, rational drug use in order to achieve security, the treatment must be based on the purpose of selecting the appropriate route of administration. Therefore, understanding the advantages and disadvantages of various routes of administration is important. Clinical route of administration used a combination of factors, according to the main characteristics of drug delivery can be broadly divided into enteral and parenteral administration of two broad categories.
1, enteral administration include: oral, sublingual administration and rectal administration.
Oral: is the most commonly used, but also the safest, most convenient and most economical method of delivery. Its shortcomings as follows: certain drugs because of their physical properties and can not be absorbed; Some drugs have a stimulating effect on the gastric mucosa can cause vomiting; or because of digestive enzymes and gastric acid has been destroyed; In addition, food and other drugs exist, the absorption more non-constant.
Sublingual administration: Although oral mucosal surface area available for absorption, but for some drugs, the absorption by the oral mucosa with special significance. For example, nitroglycerin sublingual absorption in very quickly and can rapidly produce therapeutic effects.
Rectal administration: in the sense of the disappearance of children with vomiting or circumstances, often through the rectal administration. Drug absorption by the rectum, about 50% through the liver. However, rectal absorption is often irregular, incomplete.
2, parenteral injection: include intravenous injection, intramuscular injection and subcutaneous injection and so on.
Intravenous injection: the aqueous solution of drugs directly into the venous flow can be accurately and quickly access desired plasma concentration, which produce rapid and reliable effect. This is the other drug delivery methods can not be achieved. However, due to high concentrations of drug in plasma and tissues to reach the rapid increase of the possibility of adverse reactions occurred. Repeated injection also depends on continuing to maintain vein patency. This method does not apply to the oil solution or insoluble material.
Subcutaneous injection: only applies to non-irritating to the organization of the drug, or can cause severe pain and tissue necrosis. Subcutaneous absorption rate is usually uniform and slow, thus the role of durable.
Intramuscular injection: absorption of drugs in aqueous solution by intramuscular injection at a very rapid rate, applicable to the oil solution and some irritating substances.
3, pulmonary absorption: gas or inhalation of volatile substances from the lungs and respiratory tract mucosa epithelial absorption. As the surface area, and the drug may be the way to quickly enter the blood circulation. In addition, the drug solution can be atomized to form aerosol inhalation. Of the lung disease drug can act directly on the lesion. The main disadvantage is that dose not control the use of more trouble.
4, the local drug Mucosa: The drugs are used for conjunctiva, nasopharynx, oral cavity, rectum, urethra and bladder, etc., mainly to use their local role. Skin: very few drugs quickly through the integrity of the skin, but the drug can be absorbed through the skin, the general effect of the surface area of its coverage and the drug is directly proportional to the fat-soluble. Although there are lipid skin barrier, but a lot of solute to the free passage of leather, so the drug through the wear and tear, trauma, or exfoliative skin absorption generated much faster. Eye: Topical application of ophthalmic drugs is to play its regional role.
Oral: is the most commonly used, but also the safest, most convenient and most economical method of delivery. Its shortcomings as follows: certain drugs because of their physical properties and can not be absorbed; Some drugs have a stimulating effect on the gastric mucosa can cause vomiting; or because of digestive enzymes and gastric acid has been destroyed; In addition, food and other drugs exist, the absorption more non-constant.
Sublingual administration: Although oral mucosal surface area available for absorption, but for some drugs, the absorption by the oral mucosa with special significance. For example, nitroglycerin sublingual absorption in very quickly and can rapidly produce therapeutic effects.
Rectal administration: in the sense of the disappearance of children with vomiting or circumstances, often through the rectal administration. Drug absorption by the rectum, about 50% through the liver. However, rectal absorption is often irregular, incomplete.
2, parenteral injection: include intravenous injection, intramuscular injection and subcutaneous injection and so on.
Intravenous injection: the aqueous solution of drugs directly into the venous flow can be accurately and quickly access desired plasma concentration, which produce rapid and reliable effect. This is the other drug delivery methods can not be achieved. However, due to high concentrations of drug in plasma and tissues to reach the rapid increase of the possibility of adverse reactions occurred. Repeated injection also depends on continuing to maintain vein patency. This method does not apply to the oil solution or insoluble material.
Subcutaneous injection: only applies to non-irritating to the organization of the drug, or can cause severe pain and tissue necrosis. Subcutaneous absorption rate is usually uniform and slow, thus the role of durable.
Intramuscular injection: absorption of drugs in aqueous solution by intramuscular injection at a very rapid rate, applicable to the oil solution and some irritating substances.
3, pulmonary absorption: gas or inhalation of volatile substances from the lungs and respiratory tract mucosa epithelial absorption. As the surface area, and the drug may be the way to quickly enter the blood circulation. In addition, the drug solution can be atomized to form aerosol inhalation. Of the lung disease drug can act directly on the lesion. The main disadvantage is that dose not control the use of more trouble.
4, the local drug Mucosa: The drugs are used for conjunctiva, nasopharynx, oral cavity, rectum, urethra and bladder, etc., mainly to use their local role. Skin: very few drugs quickly through the integrity of the skin, but the drug can be absorbed through the skin, the general effect of the surface area of its coverage and the drug is directly proportional to the fat-soluble. Although there are lipid skin barrier, but a lot of solute to the free passage of leather, so the drug through the wear and tear, trauma, or exfoliative skin absorption generated much faster. Eye: Topical application of ophthalmic drugs is to play its regional role.
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