Drug therapy, rational drug use in order to achieve security, the treatment must be based on the purpose of selecting the appropriate route of administration. Therefore, understanding the advantages and disadvantages of various routes of administration is important. Clinical route of administration used a combination of factors, according to the main characteristics of drug delivery can be broadly divided into enteral and parenteral administration of two broad categories.
1, enteral administration include: oral, sublingual administration and rectal administration.
Oral: is the most commonly used, but also the safest, most convenient and most economical method of delivery. Its shortcomings as follows: certain drugs because of their physical properties and can not be absorbed; Some drugs have a stimulating effect on the gastric mucosa can cause vomiting; or because of digestive enzymes and gastric acid has been destroyed; In addition, food and other drugs exist, the absorption more non-constant.
Sublingual administration: Although oral mucosal surface area available for absorption, but for some drugs, the absorption by the oral mucosa with special significance. For example, nitroglycerin sublingual absorption in very quickly and can rapidly produce therapeutic effects.
Rectal administration: in the sense of the disappearance of children with vomiting or circumstances, often through the rectal administration. Drug absorption by the rectum, about 50% through the liver. However, rectal absorption is often irregular, incomplete.
2, parenteral injection: include intravenous injection, intramuscular injection and subcutaneous injection and so on.
Intravenous injection: the aqueous solution of drugs directly into the venous flow can be accurately and quickly access desired plasma concentration, which produce rapid and reliable effect. This is the other drug delivery methods can not be achieved. However, due to high concentrations of drug in plasma and tissues to reach the rapid increase of the possibility of adverse reactions occurred. Repeated injection also depends on continuing to maintain vein patency. This method does not apply to the oil solution or insoluble material.
Subcutaneous injection: only applies to non-irritating to the organization of the drug, or can cause severe pain and tissue necrosis. Subcutaneous absorption rate is usually uniform and slow, thus the role of durable.
Intramuscular injection: absorption of drugs in aqueous solution by intramuscular injection at a very rapid rate, applicable to the oil solution and some irritating substances.
3, pulmonary absorption: gas or inhalation of volatile substances from the lungs and respiratory tract mucosa epithelial absorption. As the surface area, and the drug may be the way to quickly enter the blood circulation. In addition, the drug solution can be atomized to form aerosol inhalation. Of the lung disease drug can act directly on the lesion. The main disadvantage is that dose not control the use of more trouble.
4, the local drug Mucosa: The drugs are used for conjunctiva, nasopharynx, oral cavity, rectum, urethra and bladder, etc., mainly to use their local role. Skin: very few drugs quickly through the integrity of the skin, but the drug can be absorbed through the skin, the general effect of the surface area of its coverage and the drug is directly proportional to the fat-soluble. Although there are lipid skin barrier, but a lot of solute to the free passage of leather, so the drug through the wear and tear, trauma, or exfoliative skin absorption generated much faster. Eye: Topical application of ophthalmic drugs is to play its regional role.
Oral: is the most commonly used, but also the safest, most convenient and most economical method of delivery. Its shortcomings as follows: certain drugs because of their physical properties and can not be absorbed; Some drugs have a stimulating effect on the gastric mucosa can cause vomiting; or because of digestive enzymes and gastric acid has been destroyed; In addition, food and other drugs exist, the absorption more non-constant.
Sublingual administration: Although oral mucosal surface area available for absorption, but for some drugs, the absorption by the oral mucosa with special significance. For example, nitroglycerin sublingual absorption in very quickly and can rapidly produce therapeutic effects.
Rectal administration: in the sense of the disappearance of children with vomiting or circumstances, often through the rectal administration. Drug absorption by the rectum, about 50% through the liver. However, rectal absorption is often irregular, incomplete.
2, parenteral injection: include intravenous injection, intramuscular injection and subcutaneous injection and so on.
Intravenous injection: the aqueous solution of drugs directly into the venous flow can be accurately and quickly access desired plasma concentration, which produce rapid and reliable effect. This is the other drug delivery methods can not be achieved. However, due to high concentrations of drug in plasma and tissues to reach the rapid increase of the possibility of adverse reactions occurred. Repeated injection also depends on continuing to maintain vein patency. This method does not apply to the oil solution or insoluble material.
Subcutaneous injection: only applies to non-irritating to the organization of the drug, or can cause severe pain and tissue necrosis. Subcutaneous absorption rate is usually uniform and slow, thus the role of durable.
Intramuscular injection: absorption of drugs in aqueous solution by intramuscular injection at a very rapid rate, applicable to the oil solution and some irritating substances.
3, pulmonary absorption: gas or inhalation of volatile substances from the lungs and respiratory tract mucosa epithelial absorption. As the surface area, and the drug may be the way to quickly enter the blood circulation. In addition, the drug solution can be atomized to form aerosol inhalation. Of the lung disease drug can act directly on the lesion. The main disadvantage is that dose not control the use of more trouble.
4, the local drug Mucosa: The drugs are used for conjunctiva, nasopharynx, oral cavity, rectum, urethra and bladder, etc., mainly to use their local role. Skin: very few drugs quickly through the integrity of the skin, but the drug can be absorbed through the skin, the general effect of the surface area of its coverage and the drug is directly proportional to the fat-soluble. Although there are lipid skin barrier, but a lot of solute to the free passage of leather, so the drug through the wear and tear, trauma, or exfoliative skin absorption generated much faster. Eye: Topical application of ophthalmic drugs is to play its regional role.
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