The diagnostic criteria for abdominal pain in children

Sudden abdominal pain in children is often to see. Acute abdominal pain caused by a variety of diseases, their acute onset, rapid progress. Because infants and young children will not use the exact words to express, so to bring the diagnosis of disease is difficult. Once the incidence of certain diseases due to that surgery should be carried out; and some patients can be treated conservatively in the early and late surgical resection should be part of an organ to heal; also some pain through drug therapy can be improved. Therefore, children can not eat painkillers, which will cover up the disease. Children should learn through a variety of abnormal

performance, to estimate the possible causes of abdominal pain caused, and do the deal in time to reduce the child's pain and unnecessary loss.
Common cause of acute abdominal pain in children and characteristics of the following categories:
1. Ascariasis. Many children with the disease is not healthy eating habits, it will not wash their hands before eating, not washing raw fruit and do not even wash, eat, although the performance is usually normal but still very thin. When the environment changes or child develops a high fever, diarrhea, hunger and food to eat when suddenly stimulating abdominal pain, crying children roll, bending pike out of cold, pale, abdominal pain around the navel in order to re-. Often accompanied by vomiting and even spit roundworm. Sometimes able to alleviate the abdominal pain disappeared in children appear tired. Fully restored after the play as usual. Each attack of pain a few minutes a day may not be such a pain attack, but also attacks several times a day. To the appropriate de-worming drugs, such as insecticide-treated net, by 2.5-3 mg / kg body weight drug delivery, the largest and most are not more than 150 mg / meetings, a Dayton service before going to bed; or early intestinal clearance, in accordance with that medication. When defecation or constipation, abdominal distension, abdominal mass palpable cord-like, you may have taken place in Ascaris intestinal obstruction, should be carried out to the hospital, such as infusion and de-worming treatment enema.
2. Acute appendicitis. Children of all ages can get the disease, and more common. More acute onset, right lower quadrant abdominal pain for a heavy hand by the right lower abdomen in children will be exacerbated when the child's crying, there is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and then developed fever, body temperature can rise up to around 39 ℃. Required at this time to the hospital for treatment, due to rapid development of appendicitis in children, there is a little longer time suppurative appendiceal peritonitis caused by perforation of the possible, and endanger the lives of children.
3. Intussusception. Intussusception occurred within 2 years of age in infants and young children. Where the lesion part of kits for the intestine into the adjacent part of the intestine, so pain can be touched in the abdomen of a fixed mass, marked tenderness, abdominal pain and vomiting soon after the attack, especially after onset 2-12 appeared dark red jam-hour stool sample is characterized, in some cases stool was dark red like blood. If early detection, to the hospital for inflation reduction, may be exempt from part of the intestine into the set time is too long ischemic compression, the occurrence of necrosis and the surgical treatment must be taken.
4. Incarcerated hernia. Hernias in children with umbilical hernia and inguinal hernia was found. Opportunities for incarcerated umbilical hernia occurs rarely, most occurred due to incarcerated inguinal hernia of the abdominal pain caused. So prior to the onset of the children in both the existence of reusable hernia, that is, in children with defecation when forced to stand or the emergence of a tumor inside the groin, or only one side of the scrotum to increase the performance, disappears when lying, can also be used even if it does not disappear hand slowly also satisfied. When we fail to return, and the disappearance of tumor does not suffer from abdominal pain, paroxysmal crying children, abdominal distension and vomiting, has been a long time the surface of the skin tumor swelling, fever, tenderness obvious one is incarcerated hernia occurred, the importance of timely sent to hospital for treatment.
5. Intestinal cramps. Intestinal muscle spasm is due to the strong contraction of the intestinal wall caused by paroxysmal abdominal pain, for children with acute abdominal pain the most common situation. The reasons for its occurrence with a variety of factors such as cold, overeating, a large number of cold, over-feeding the baby and so on. The disease belongs to a simple functional changes in non-organic lesion, the better the prognosis, the majority can be self-healing. Performance for the health of children suddenly paroxysmal abdominal pain, each attack a few minutes to 10 minutes, only when the pain, recurrent, abdominal pain can be light to heavy, sustained serious crying, rolling, hard stomach, intermittent abdominal full-time soft, may be accompanied by vomiting, the spirit is still good after vomiting. If appropriate to the oral tincture of belladonna ,0.03-0.06 milliliters / second, it will soon ease.
6. Bacillary dysentery. The disease-prone in summer and fall. Often sharp onset, with fever up to 39 ℃ or higher, increased frequency of stool, diarrhea before the paroxysmal abdominal pain, stomach, "grunt" sound of the increase, but not obvious abdominal distension. Children with severe dehydration, poor skin elasticity, generalized weakness, should be sent to the appropriate hospital for treatment.
7. Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Is a kind of allergic disease, the symptoms are associated with whole body. First of all, manifested as skin purpura, with an area size, surface purple, pressure does not fade, multi-distribution in the limbs and buttocks to ankle, knee Department obvious. On this basis there paroxysmal severe abdominal cramps, to the navel or lower abdomen around the obvious, there is tenderness but soft belly. Can be associated with varying severity of diarrhea and blood in the stool, black or red stool. It is the intestinal wall as a result of hemorrhage, edema caused. Some children may also be accompanied by joint pain, and even urine and so on. Such children should be in bed rest, restriction of the hardware and not easy to digest food, to Chinese medicine for more than symptomatic treatment. Emphasis on hormone therapy are needed. Generally good prognosis of this disease, mild 1 week, will be able to recover from severe 4-8 weeks.
4. Incarcerated hernia. Hernias in children with umbilical hernia and inguinal hernia was found. Opportunities for incarcerated umbilical hernia occurs rarely, most occurred due to incarcerated inguinal hernia of the abdominal pain caused. So prior to the onset of the children in both the existence of reusable hernia, that is, in children with defecation when forced to stand or the emergence of a tumor inside the groin, or only one side of the scrotum to increase the performance, disappears when lying, can also be used even if it does not disappear hand slowly also satisfied. When we fail to return, and the disappearance of tumor does not suffer from abdominal pain, paroxysmal crying children, abdominal distension and vomiting, has been a long time the surface of the skin tumor swelling, fever, tenderness obvious one is incarcerated hernia occurred, the importance of timely sent to hospital for treatment.
5. Intestinal cramps. Intestinal muscle spasm is due to the strong contraction of the intestinal wall caused by paroxysmal abdominal pain, for children with acute abdominal pain the most common situation. The reasons for its occurrence with a variety of factors such as cold, overeating, a large number of cold, over-feeding the baby and so on. The disease belongs to a simple functional changes in non-organic lesion, the better the prognosis, the majority can be self-healing. Performance for the health of children suddenly paroxysmal abdominal pain, each attack a few minutes to 10 minutes, only when the pain, recurrent, abdominal pain can be light to heavy, sustained serious crying, rolling, hard stomach, intermittent abdominal full-time soft, may be accompanied by vomiting, the spirit is still good after vomiting. If appropriate to the oral tincture of belladonna ,0.03-0.06 milliliters / second, it will soon ease.
6. Bacillary dysentery. The disease-prone in summer and fall. Often sharp onset, with fever up to 39 ℃ or higher, increased frequency of stool, diarrhea before the paroxysmal abdominal pain, stomach, "grunt" sound of the increase, but not obvious abdominal distension. Children with severe dehydration, poor skin elasticity, generalized weakness, should be sent to the appropriate hospital for treatment.
7. Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Is a kind of allergic disease, the symptoms are associated with whole body. First of all, manifested as skin purpura, with an area size, surface purple, pressure does not fade, multi-distribution in the limbs and buttocks to ankle, knee Department obvious. On this basis there paroxysmal severe abdominal cramps, to the navel or lower abdomen around the obvious, there is tenderness but soft belly. Can be associated with varying severity of diarrhea and blood in the stool, black or red stool. It is the intestinal wall as a result of hemorrhage, edema caused. Some children may also be accompanied by joint pain, and even urine and so on. Such children should be in bed rest, restriction of the hardware and not easy to digest food, to Chinese medicine for more than symptomatic treatment. Emphasis on hormone therapy are needed. Generally good prognosis of this disease, mild 1 week, will be able to recover from severe 4-8 weeks.

What is the hardened skin of children disease?

Systemic sclerosis is a hardening of the skin disease, previously thought only the performance of the disease for the skin changes, so called scleroderma, but may also cause damage to internal organs, so now that systemic sclerosis. This disease is very rare connective tissue disease symptoms.

Renault symptoms when the phenomenon began. Raynaud's phenomenon refers to hands and feet, such as after exposure to cold wind or cold, white fingers, numbness, pain, difficult movement, a phenomenon also seen in other connective tissue diseases. Raynaud's phenomenon continues, edema of hands and feet appear; after gradually hardened by edema; further, skin thinning, appear shiny, as if to reach the same bone. Lesions were symmetrical, spreading concentric. As a result of hardening of the skin, resulting in joint pain, movement difficulties.
The disease can attack internal organs, especially easy to violations of the digestive organs and lungs, causing dysphagia, dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation, etc., also can be seen coughing and difficulty breathing.
Chronic disease may progress a long time go.
【Response】
At present, have not yet found a good method of treatment, penicillamine can be used for treatment, but certainly not enough. The beginning of hardening of the skin vulnerable to injuries, and injured more difficult to treat, so the system can be protective gloves, etc., the injury should pay attention to prevent infection. In order to prevent the progress of the disease, should be bathing, massage and an appropriate degree of movement, which is very important.
【Cause 】
Occasional cause is not clear.
【Prevention】
No prevention.
【Age】 prone
2 ~ 6 years old.

What is congenital muscular torticollis

Congenital muscular torticollis, the neck, commonly known as distortion, Department of - lateral sternocleidomastoid muscle contracture caused by head and neck tilt to the side of a congenital malformation.

Torticollis head and neck tilt to one side of the deformity, by the side of the neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid practice mainly) contracture or cervical disease, ocular diseases and neck caused by inflammation. Torticollis congenital or acquired, and in congenital muscular were more common, treatment, therefore the sooner, the better the prognosis, if treated, will appear on both sides of facial asymmetry discussed below, the muscular torticollis.
Congenital muscular torticollis caused by contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Is generally believed that their cause is wrong or abnormal fetal position of the uterine wall pressure, abnormal fetal head and neck posture hindered side of the sternocleidomastoid muscle blood circulation resulting in ischemia, hypoplasia atrophy, contracture, causing torticollis According to statistics congenital muscular torticollis in children in the womb when the mother% of breech delivery have also accounted for the majority of abnormalities, and some at the side of fetal sternocleidomastoid delivery by forceps or birth canal extrusion, injury hemorrhage result of muscle contracture machine.

In children's phimosis treatment

Congenital muscular torticollis, the neck, commonly known as distortion, Department of - lateral sternocleidomastoid muscle contracture caused by head and neck tilt to the side of a congenital malformation.

Torticollis head and neck tilt to one side of the deformity, by the side of the neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid practice mainly) contracture or cervical disease, ocular diseases and neck caused by inflammation. Torticollis congenital or acquired, and in congenital muscular were more common, treatment, therefore the sooner, the better the prognosis, if treated, will appear on both sides of facial asymmetry discussed below, the muscular torticollis.
Congenital muscular torticollis caused by contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Is generally believed that their cause is wrong or abnormal fetal position of the uterine wall pressure, abnormal fetal head and neck posture hindered side of the sternocleidomastoid muscle blood circulation resulting in ischemia, hypoplasia atrophy, contracture, causing torticollis According to statistics congenital muscular torticollis in children in the womb when the mother% of breech delivery have also accounted for the majority of abnormalities, and some at the side of fetal sternocleidomastoid delivery by forceps or birth canal extrusion, injury hemorrhage result of muscle contracture machine..

Treatment of newborn omphalitis

Neonatal omphalitis should be the basis of clinical manifestations of different treatment options: First of all, all the children have inflammation of the umbilical巳经implementation of dressing change, which includes:

1, umbilical Clean: You can use 75% alcohol, normal saline, 3% boric acid solution, 1:1000 Bromogeramine fluid, such as chloramphenicol eye drops in a kind of sterile cotton stick or a cotton ball dipped in the above-mentioned solution, the gently wipe the affected area, eliminate purulent secretions. Umbilical cord stump fell off, if not yet to be clean. 1-2 times a day. Applicable to simple or other umbilical infection omphalitis
2, topical drugs: the root doctor in a clean umbilical show, the local use of 40% zinc oxide zinc oxide oil or chloramphenicol oil, cord powder (containing sediment Ethacridine Leif also known as Manuel, zinc oxide), more than 100 State ointment, erythromycin eye ointment, such as an. Every 1 said. Attention as far as possible without purple syrup, red syrup, so as to avoid staining of the concept of the impact of lesion search. Generally do not have iodine, so as not to burn the skin around the navel.
3, external application drugs: to reduce the swelling or lesion can be used to promote suppuration Hirudoid, ointment ichthyol, Ru Yi Jin Huang San (Chinese medicine) or treated, such as external application for the merger omphalitis infected abdominal wall. Do not pay attention to external drug time is too long, there is generally no more than six hours.
4, puncture or incision and drainage pumping septic: Where the formation of abscess pus should positive drainage, septic or septic thick volume need incision and drainage,? K insist on dressing change (the replacement of drainage, the drainage to maintain patency promote healing Vomica) . Liver abscess and falciform ligament abscess drainage Department need to be hospitalized after surgery.
5, burn: the formation of human umbilical granuloma may be through the drug (10% silver nitrate) or laser removal burning.
Followed by antibiotics, as a result of suppuration caused by bacteria omphalitis are resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis, so in general, such as antibiotics penicillin, erythromycin and other bad effects, the best training in the basis of purulent secretions sensitive to the choice of antibiotics. Prior to that, doctors will be selected based on experience and suitable for use in neonatal good drug efficacy. Also as a result of neonatal oral or intramuscular antibiotics for poor absorption, so the general choice of intravenous administration. Some parents see their baby on the scalp is very distressed little bar, with a total want to change the oral medication, but when you know the truth, we will tie in with the treatment. If the diagnosis of sepsis, antibiotics may need a few days resting point.
Others, such as supportive care (including high intravenous nutrition, blood transfusion, transfusion of plasma), etc., will depend on the situation of the sick child to be used. In general, the prognosis omphalitis satisfied with a small number of the formation of portal vein thrombosis, and should follow-up observation.

Surgical treatment of neonatal characteristics and Notes

Within 28 days after birth that the newborn infant, due to anatomical,
physiological characteristics, in particular, immune function is not yet
mature enough as a mother to leave the initial phase, characterized by
neonatal surgery. For example, the whole body of neonatal blood volume of
about 300ml, the same due to trauma or surgical bleeding 100ml, for older
children and adults in terms of impact, but the newborn may have been the
fatal shock.

According to statistics, the most common neonatal surgical disease is
acute purulent infection, accounting for about 1 / 3; followed by the
abdomen, about 1/4-1/5. A variety of abnormalities, including skin
abnormalities, gastrointestinal malformations, neurological abnormalities,
cardiovascular and respiratory tract abnormalities, such as age in the
very prominent, which is a malformation of digestive tract of the
important reasons for acute abdomen. Whether it is infection or acute
abdomen, as well as other emergency situations, such as difficulty in
breathing, frequent vomiting, acute abdominal distention, hematochezia,
which have acute illness, characterized by rapid change, such as neonatal
subcutaneous gangrene lesion area in a few hours spread rapidly,? K
endanger the safety of your baby. Small, such as combining the
characteristics of neonatal age, neonatal surgical patients are usually
emergency arrangements to deal with, not surprising.
In view of the above, your newborn baby soon, unfortunately, stained with
surgical disease, the following recommendations require that you pay
special attention to:
First of all, you find unusual baby to timely treatment, for various
reasons, especially after giving birth the mother can not afford to go out
and not go to hospital for treatment, and at least by telephone or network
to the doctor, or have parenting experience to ask the elderly, Incident
Do not wait and see. How can early detection of abnormal baby do? In
addition to observation of the baby eat, drink, sleep, urine, then, moving
(activity), but also pay attention to the child's crying; concept check
every day your baby's skin, which armpit, back, perianal, hand, foot and
other parts of can not be left out. Where more than crying, swelling,
tumor, and both the above-mentioned abnormal symptoms are abnormal.
If it is willing to go to hospital, the road should pay attention to heat,
milk, water, diapers must! Baby at any time as a result of observation or
hospital infusion therapy, spending more, the funds (or card) to take
adequate and at the same time must take good care of mothers.
Center Hospital in general should be more than the pediatric or infant
hospital surgical treatment, if by the specialist (expert) doctors would
be better diagnosis and treatment. Hou, when attending the initiative that
it is the newborn, the doctor will arrange for priority treatment. Some
parents, especially the elderly people can not accept every baby needs
surgical treatment of diseases of the proposal and found that small
children can not afford surgery, this is not the case, in the modern
medical conditions, the implementation of neonatal surgery despite the
risk, but security has been at an acceptable level, and parents and co-
operation between doctors, the operation will increase the chances of
success.

Baby infection in the spring should be alert to meningitis

Baby spring respiratory infections very easily, February to April each year is the peak incidence, meningitis bacteria through the air, droplets of invasive nasopharyngeal baby breeding, and a large amount of endotoxin, the weak immune system baby This bacteria and endotoxin in blood and blood-brain barrier into the body and brain, causing septicemia and purulent meningitis. Incidence of infants and young children are particularly vulnerable.
Sick child has these symptoms
★ acute onset, early disease rhinitis, pharyngitis or tonsillitis and other upper respiratory symptoms, often clinically easy to be ignored. Then fever, high fever, chills, fatigue, crying disturbed, the child has a headache, vomiting and so on, who faces re-dull, ugly face.
★ because of bacterial septicemia caused by blood, bacteria plug the small blood vessels, so when the skin in the baby can see the bleeding point size, referred to as "deposition point", or even point to expand into silt deposition spot, when the disease progress faster plaque deposition would be increased, the central chunk of skin necrosis appears purple.
★ When the bacteria and their toxins into the brain, the vomiting baby frequently, before the full fontanelle, headache aggravated convulsions occur, dim consciousness, coma and even hard-line head and neck. Sometimes your baby will be pale, cold and purple four muscles, blood pressure measurement down to see, such as toxic shock, respiratory failure, such as central performance, medicine known as "the outbreak of cerebrospinal meningitis" can be life-threatening. Even if the rescue came, and some babies can also be caused by a variety of complications and sequelae.
Mom should be noted: if the above symptoms your baby should be on the hospital in time, do not delay. Must be done with the baby doctor for lumbar puncture (lumbar puncture) and blood tests and so on, so that timely treatment to prevent the disease re-turn.
Many parents are concerned that lumbar puncture in children with brain damage and doctors refused. This worry is unnecessary. Lumbar puncture will not harm the brain. If refused lumbar puncture and aggravate the patient's condition is not treated in time, will be adverse to the baby.
How to prevent meningitis
1. Against meningitis vaccine. Children in the meningitis epidemic meningitis season should be carried out before the group A vaccine against multiple enzyme precursors. 0.5 mg subcutaneous injection of vaccine, one month after vaccination, the children have antibody protection in vivo rate of about 76% ~ 94%, antibodies can be maintained for about three years. Children will have the following response after inoculation: a slight fever, local swelling and pain, decreased appetite and so on. After inoculation to the attention of children to rest, drink plenty of water, not bathing, doing strenuous exercise.
2. Preschools or at home, in close contact should be the prevention of oral medication. Domestic still compound Sulfamethoxazole (SMZco), baby every day 25-50 mg / kg body weight.
3. In the epidemic period, the baby with as little as possible to the densely populated places.
4. Home or childcare institutions should regularly ventilation windows. When the weather is good exposure in the sun like clothes and blankets.
5. Parents should be alert if your baby appears suspicious symptoms should seek medical treatment immediately to reduce the spread, so early diagnosis, early isolation and early treatment.

Wariness of fever in children with leukemia

In recent years the incidence of leukemia in children has increased. Although a high degree of malignant leukemia, the disease developed rapidly, and most acute; but very sensitive to chemotherapy, cancer cells easier to kill. In addition, China's treatment of leukemia using bone marrow transplantation has made great progress in the treatment of leukemia is generally promising.
Therefore, childhood leukemia, such as found in a timely manner, using appropriate treatment, are often able to obtain satisfactory results. According to clinical observations, childhood leukemia in the early performance of the following:
1, heat: This is the most common childhood leukemia symptoms. As a result of normal white blood cells, in particular agranulocytosis mature, the body's normal defense dysfunction, caused by infection can cause fever.
2, hemorrhage: some with more than half of children with varying degrees of bleeding. Is mainly expressed in nasal, oral, gingival bleeding skin, severe cases, internal organs, intracranial hemorrhage, it is often the cause the cause of death in children.
3, anemia: The most common symptoms of early-onset and progressive increase was. Children face, skin and mucous membrane pale, weak and poor appetite.
4, liver, spleen, lymph nodes; acute lymphoblastic leukemia, liver, spleen, lymph nodes is more significant, chronic myelogenous leukemia was more pronounced splenomegaly.
5, bone and joint pain and bone lesions: common in children with acute leukemia, and as the first symptom.
6, leukemia cells infiltrating the central nervous system can occur meningeal leukemia in children with headache, nausea, vomiting and even convulsions, coma.
7, blood tests to check the abnormal changes of data, the majority of children with leukocytosis tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of bone marrow leukocytes was significantly hyperplasia.
Mast cells in acute leukemia bone marrow
Once the diagnosis should be carried out after regular chemotherapy, during chemotherapy attention to nutrition, to strengthen support for therapy, prevention of infection and chemotherapy intermittent periodic follow-up visits to the hospital. Poor treatment of some patients should be re-bone marrow transplant, or autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, the disease will enable continuous complete remission, the survival period.
What is leukemia?
Leukemia is a blood leukocytes of malignant lesions. Patients had the disease, their blood and bone marrow in various tissues and organs where there are a large number of abnormal forms of leukemia cells, the cells continued proliferation, the patient can be a series of symptoms, because different types of leukocytes, clinical performance are also different. According to the level of mature interleukin distinction can be divided into acute leukemia, chronic in two. Acute leukemia, patients are almost all of the leukemia cells are immature and childish to PMN as an example, mostly mice and tablets of leukemia, such as late promyelocyte cells.

Child care will be a stroke

According to the definition of "stroke" is because of cerebral vascular obstruction or rupture caused by a sudden or partial paroxysmal brain dysfunction or all of the. Stroke patients usually over the age of 50 patient-oriented. In recent years, more and more attention to the global medical community stroke study of children, the fetus in its mother's body, from newborns to adolescents, have the possibility of occurrence of stroke. In most people's concept that stroke is a disease of adults only, so when the doctor explained to the families of children suffering from stroke, the family members are surprised face, can not believe. In fact, stroke is not the child has only recently appeared in only the past were cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage such as that condition. To make it easier for the public understanding of stroke should be the child's name more popular.

Divided into ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic two
Ischemic stroke is the sudden blockage of blood vessels; out hemorrhagic stroke is the main artery burst refers to the brain, causing brain hemorrhage. Ischemic stroke clinical manifestations and age and the affected region, when the language center are affected may not be able to speak or understand other people say, if the central campaign be affected, the symptoms appeared physically weak; performance by youths a neuron-specific abnormal symptoms, such as semi-paralysis, ataxia, or facial palsy, but in infants and young children who are often non-specific symptoms such as convulsions, fever, drowsiness or headache, and sometimes these symptoms and other the performance of similar diseases, together with infants and young children are not good at language expression, it is not easy at the beginning as soon as the diagnosis. Hemorrhagic stroke clinical performance and the affected region, but often accompanied by severe headache, vomiting, convulsions and even loss of consciousness.

Causes of stroke in children and adults of different
Most of the reasons middle-aged and elderly stroke and high blood lipids, hypertension, diabetes and other chronic diseases, and the children of many complex factors of stroke and the elderly and the different causes of stroke. Ischemic stroke, including common causes of abnormal blood vessels, heart disease, mitochondrial disorders, metabolic disorders, brain infections, the lack of anti-clotting factor and so on, these factors are likely to cause blood clots, blood vessel wall of the narrow, resulting in blood flow reduction. Hemorrhagic stroke, including common causes of congenital vascular anomaly, the lack of coagulation factors, such as brain trauma. The following common reasons for doing further introduction:
Heart disease: including congenital heart disease (such as atrial or ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, or complex congenital heart disease), as well as acquired heart disease (such as endocarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmia, an artificial heart valve), have may cause blood vessels in the artery type, and these patients engaged in cardiac catheterization or heart surgery also may cause blood clots.
Infection: bacterial, viral or caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis, can cause blood vessels in the brain. At present, children have been reported and stroke-related infections include: intestinal virus, chicken pox, Japanese encephalitis, influenza virus.
Blood diseases: congenital absence of anti-coagulation factors cause the formation of thrombus, and congenital lack of clotting factor, such as hemophilia clotting agents or acquired abnormalities, including systemic coagulation disorders, vitamin K deficiency, thrombocytopenia, liver disease, can cause hemorrhagic stroke.
Vascular disease: a mechanical head and neck injury, can cause carotid artery dissection, leading to ischemic stroke, for example, a water amusement park to the baby, due to the risk of head-down position away from the water slides down, resulting in right hemiplegia occurred. "Moyamoya disease" (Moyamoya disease is a chronic cerebral vascular obstruction caused by an increase collateral circulation and neurological symptoms, a large part of the disease occurred in childhood can cause stroke, the brain child.) Is the good fat in Asians special cerebral vascular disease, will result in progressive brain artery stenosis and obstruction caused by large, often repeated clinical of transient ischemic attack performance, that is, the symptoms usually within 1 day of recovery, so easy to start be ignored.
Metabolic abnormalities: high-cystine urine disease itself angiogenesis in patients with non-performing, poor flexibility, and easy to form blood embolism, makes them at high risk of stroke. With the addition of the westernized diet, obesity and hyperlipidemia in the baby's problem was not uncommon, making the issue of early hardening of the arteries, it is increased risk of stroke.
Congenital vascular anomalies: arteriovenous malformation is the most common hemorrhagic stroke children, mainly the formation of the fetus, the brain microvascular dysplasia, the microvascular blood flow did not result directly into the vein and form a worm-like vascular malformation, When the vein can not afford such a high pressure will break down from the peak incidence of 12,13-year-old to 30-year-old, like possession of a time bomb in the body.

Infants and young children should be the prevention of stroke during the start
Causes of stroke in children and adults are not the same, so regardless of the method of treatment or diagnosis of the process are not the same. Patents are not the elderly stroke, congenital cause of stroke is more difficult to avoid, but some patients will have prior to the onset of aura. When the baby appeared in dizziness, headache and vomiting, difficulty in breathing, heart failure symptoms such as high blood pressure, but also a timely examination; Once there is a language unclear, the situation of half of limb weakness, but also for treatment immediately. In addition, the adoption of a healthy lifestyle and eating habits in order to reduce the risk of stroke the day after tomorrow, are necessary. Therefore, infants and young children should be the prevention of stroke during the start!

Attention should be paid to children with bacillary dysentery

Bacillary dysentery, that is, bacillary dysentery, the pathogen is Shigella, the following is also divided into four groups and 32 serotypes, is rather complicated. Shigellosis is an infectious disease, acute and chronic bacillary dysentery patients and carriers as a source of infection, and its in vitro feces, contaminated water, food, daily necessities and hands, other people can be infected with exposure to the bacteria, such as the drink of Health water, eat fruit without washing, and some vegetables can be eaten raw, such as not washing clean; In addition, because the flies can also be contacted by this bacteria contaminated food, pollution and then to some other food, if people eat, you may will be infected.

With the weather to heat, the occurrence of the disease increased gradually, especially in children, health habits have not yet taken shape, more easily infected. Where children congregate, such as nurseries, and even the outbreak of epidemic, that is, a lot of children have been infected. That does not mean that the summer should not be sent to nursery baby, as long as the preventive measures are effective, or the disease can be prevented. Following this a number of disease-related knowledge to do a brief introduction about.
Baby do not care if there is to eat the bacteria with food or drinking contaminated water, then the two will face the fate of bacteria.
First, the baby's acid bacteria have been killed or have not been completely killed, but also because the normal bacteria in the digestive system and its resistance, but also can be blocked intestinal immunoglobulin, these circumstances, baby will not get sick.
Second, as the baby's gastric acid secretion is not enough, some bacteria to survive, but the baby did not fully establish a normal flora, and intestinal immunoglobulin secretion is not enough, the bacteria growth and reproduction will be, baby will be a bacillary dysentery.
Bacillary dysentery is the incubation period is generally 1-3 days, after this time will be transformed into acute bacillary dysentery, caused by different clinical manifestations of the population will be differences in the lesion Tebian extent. Is a typical example of cold, fever up to 39 degrees Celsius temperature, abdominal pain diarrhea, they are not after the old have a flu, mucus and stool for blood, saying that the pull dysentery. The performance of the light treatment may not be able to self-healing, but some patients will be transformed into chronic. Type of poisoning is very serious, the baby may shock, or psychiatric symptoms. If recurrent bacillary dysentery 2 months or more, it will become chronic dysentery, the performance of this period was mainly abdominal pain diarrhea, mucus solution or blood will be can also be manifested as alternating diarrhea and constipation and so on.
If the baby for the hospital confirmed bacillary dysentery, then the baby will be the isolation hospital, so as not to infect others. Different periods of time and then will take the appropriate treatment. Acute phase has mainly taken the antibiotic treatment, for patients with high fever and other measures taken to cool the ice, and chronic bacillary dysentery will need a longer course of treatment.
For families that can take effective preventive measures. Good personal hygiene, drinking water baby at the same time to pay attention to diet, to ensure health; on to kill flies indoor; will allow baby to take the vaccine, this vaccine will stimulate the intestinal mucosa to produce immunoglobulin.

Urine from the baby to determine the health of

Do not urinate small saw, it can reflect the baby's physical health. Therefore, the Mummy should be more understanding to do something for early detection of abnormal baby body.

Baby normal daily volume of normal urination
Age number of daily micturition
0-80 ml of 0-2 days of birth
3-10 days 30-300 ml
10-day months, 120-400 ml -2
2 months -1 year-old 400-500 ml
500-600 ml of 1-3 years old
600-700 ml of 3-5 years old
The normal daily urinary frequency Baby
Age number of daily micturition
4-6 times 0-5 days of birth
6-10 days 20-25 times as high as 30-40 times
6 months -1 year-old 15-16 times
10-year-old about 2-3
4-8 years old 6-7 times
Baby urine normal traits
1, Color:
Under normal circumstances, most of baby's urine color showing a colorless, transparent or light yellow, the bottom of the storage after a little while precipitation. But urine color depth and the number of drinking water and sweating, and drinking water for more than a small baby is sweating more than urine and Light, water less, sweating more than the baby is less volume and color depth; usually the first morning from the urine, than during the day and deep color.
Intimate Tip:
Cold season, and some baby's urine color will be white, and a layer of white precipitate. Most of this phenomenon is due to baby's kidneys have not yet fully mature, if the consumption of spinach, amaranth, bananas, apples, oranges and persimmons, such as with phosphate, calcium oxalate, and more food, will be excreted after the the formation of cold crystallization, so that appears in urine sediment. If you add vinegar in the urine or the urine after the heating, both the urine can become clarified, the phenomenon is not abnormal.
2, odor:
Unscented baby fresh urine, place a long time, and urine urea will break down the ammonia, ammonia odor issue.
Intimate Tip:
If there is just from the smell of urine, it is the performance of the disease.
3, clearance brightness:
Clearance of normal urine is almost colorless. Sometimes, just when the urine is very clear the last change fashion, but this mostly normal.
Intimate Tip:
When the baby when inflammation of the urethra and urine in a large number of fat cells and interleukin pus, urine will become cloudy, sometimes with blood in urine, and urinary tract infections, most of them have a baby at this time of fever, pain when urinating, frequent urination .
From the urine found in the abnormal signal
1. Urine yellow color
Newborn baby yellow colored urine, usually as a result of diseases caused by neonatal jaundice, In addition to performance, at the same time with the skin, sclera (white eye), etc. The yellow; larger baby urine dark yellow color, at the same time accompanied by fever, weakness, loss of appetite decreased significantly, nausea, vomiting and other discomfort in the abdomen and liver tenderness of the parts there, you may be suffering from jaundice and hepatitis.
2, urine red color
Usually hematuria, hematuria is a sign of many illnesses can be due to urinary tract disease caused by their own, such as nephritis, urinary tract infection, urinary stones, urinary tract injury, urinary tract malformations, renal disease and renal tumors, etc. can also be caused by systemic diseases, such as shock, heart failure, hemorrhagic disease and vitamin C, vitamin K shortage, and medication can also be adjacent organs or diseases leading to hematuria.
3, frequent urination
Baby frequent urination, if not accompanied by increased urine output, may be pathological and should take baby to the hospital as soon as possible for further examination. Therefore, the mother has to observe whether the baby with the increase in volume, if the urine also increased, often due to physiological reasons. Of course, the mother should pay attention to the spirit of factors rule out the possibility of frequent urination, in which case the baby has been no increase in the urine. To be caused by frequent removal of the spirit of factors, the symptoms disappeared immediately.
4, the low urinary
Baby in diarrhea, fever, oliguria occurs when kidney disease should be to observe the baby, if it is diarrhea, fever caused by the need to add appropriate amount of liquid; if strict limits should be accompanied by swelling in water and salt intake, so as not to increase the swelling.

Earache with fever in children What is the disease?

We often see some of infants and young children, in patients with acute
upper respiratory tract infection such as pharyngitis, rhinitis,
bronchitis process, often there will be high fever, earache and other
symptoms, this is how the case?

In fact, this is a common pediatric ear disease, or acute otitis media.
Acute otitis media was particularly prevalent in infants and young
children, because children's eustachian tube is shorter and the location
of the low, when breast-feeding in the lying and easy choking nausea,
caused by the discharge of invasive eustachian tube carrier. In addition,
children with low defense, so they are suffering from upper respiratory
tract infection and a number of rash fever, or children have anemia,
malnutrition, also easily lead to some pyogenic bacteria such as
pneumococcus, streptococcus and other invasive ear canal triggered acute
otitis media.
Acute otitis media caused when, in addition to fever, see, the more
obvious in children with earache, small infants may not be expressed pain,
but crying will be disturbed, and ear symptoms such as catch, to be
discharging perforation of tympanic membrane, the temperature will drop ,
earache will be eased.
Not a result of this disease in time, may be complicated by acute
mastoiditis, and even acute purulent meningitis, so see if pediatric
clinical develop fever, earache, it should be a timely diagnosis, timely
treatment, so as not to delay the disease, causing serious complications ,
or chronic persistent.
In addition, we should also remind that the baby suffering from the
disease, in addition to fever, earache and other symptoms, but also often
accompanied by diarrhea, vomiting, severe dehydration and even, at this
time due to obvious symptoms of the digestive system to the neglect of ear
symptoms. Therefore, the clinical case of severe infant diarrhea who do
not forget to check tympanic membrane, tympanic membrane attention to
whether or not congestion, purulent ear discharge any.

Baby before the age of three should be done with eye examinations

In order to ensure a healthy baby has a vision, even if no obvious abnormal eyes, my mother should be in the baby before 3 years old take him to the ophthalmologist, where the first eye examination done. In this way, it can be difficult to detect as early as possible those of strabismus and amblyopia found out the best treatment to avoid loss of time.

Normal eyes see things, whether the object is located at a distance, or the immediate vicinity of any location, the two eyes should be parallel and at the same time watching the same goal, the two eye position is positive. Instead, by only one eye watching to see what, in the eyes of the other eye but it is biased towards the next, then known as strabismus. New-born baby a few weeks due to a lack of attention to the capacity of eyes, strabismus can be temporary, but in general to 6 months will be well-developed, no longer have strabismus. Baby to the 5 ~ 6 years old, usually has mature vision.
Children are prone to strabismus?
1, the imperfect development: children, especially infants and young children the functional development of binocular single vision imperfections are not well co-ordinated extraocular muscles, any destabilizing factors can promote the occurrence of strabismus. Visual function of a single person is the gradual development of the day after tomorrow, the establishment of such a function and visual function was repeatedly accept the same material as the outside world a clear stimulation of growth and maturity gradually up. After birth, only two months into the whole image, as function of precision into the establishment to continue until after the 5-year-old, three-dimensional, as the establishment of the latest, 6 ~ 7 years old can be close to adults. So 5-year-old single vision before the eyes are not perfect, the children of the high rate of strabismus.
2, congenital anomaly: This multi-strabismic extraocular muscles from congenital dysplasia of the location, development of extraocular muscle itself abnormal mesodermal differentiation was incomplete, separation of adverse ocular muscle sheath fibrosis and other anatomical anomalies and defects or disposable muscles due to nerve palsy. Some as a result of the production process, the use of forceps facial injury caused by the baby or mother, the first production of excessive force have increased intracranial pressure caused by fetal brain bleeding point, and the bleeding just in disposable eye movement caused by the nucleus Department external ophthalmoplegia. In addition, there are genetic factors, strabismus eye is not hereditary in the family of all members, which is often indirect genetic defects to their children onto the next generation. General birth occurred within 6 months of congenital strabismus strabismus said, it does not have the material to establish the basic conditions for binocular vision, the development of visual function of the most damaging.
3, eye make children susceptible to developmental characteristics of strabismus: children's eye as a result of small, short axial length, for hyperopia, the cornea and the lens because children inflectional power, and strong ciliary muscle contraction, that is, strong regulation. Such a child would like to see the objects on the need for more regulation, and at the same time his eyes turn inward force also resulted in excessive influx will lead to esotropia, esotropia said that within the regulatory oblique.
4, eye movement lack of central control: If you set too much or lack of outreach or both have a presence on the inside ramp; contrary too outreach, inadequate collection or both of the case, it had a ramp outside.
The most common strabismus baby
Implicit strabismus
Implicit strabismus is a potential eye-bit skew, usually when the eyes see things, do not see eye position is not correct, only through a special examination to discover. However, your baby may be a considerable number of eye symptoms, as evidenced in strong light photophobia, like a room hung windows, change color to wear glasses, frequent headaches; close look at things, the rise of distant objects look blurred, Then, see the recent material is also the same; some baby fatigue in the eyes when the two objects as an object to be to alleviate fatigue disappeared after such a situation; the baby still time to see things a long time, others will find there squint his eyes, but with the time to see things disappear and strabismus; as a result of nervous reflex may have nausea, vomiting, conjunctival hyperemia, Stye, insomnia and other symptoms.
Accommodative esotropia
Esotropia is due to high hyperopia formed through strabismus, is also the only available corrective glasses and can achieve the cure of strabismus. Often around the age of onset in the 2, but started to sometimes, and sometimes disappear, usually close to see things more clearly when the strabismus, which is a feature of it.
Strabismus on alternate days
Strabismus of the reasons for this baby is not yet clear, more or less in the 3-year-old disease, strabismus regularly once every other day, and in a few months or years after the development of constant esotropia. This baby is often a sudden onset, but the two structures function as well. Days without strabismus normal eyes, and in the days of strabismus can occur within eyes oblique position, the baby can express to describe their own adults see things overlapping each other, and accompanied by fever, physical discomfort, mild headache and see two things uncomfortable.
Concomitant strabismus
Such as strabismus performance inside and outside the two ramps.
Esotropia people commonly known as "cross-eye", often in less than 1-year-old baby, but also have a little baby. Within 6 months of your baby and more rational living, because the eye has not yet fully mature, in a state far, so looking at things close when the so-called "cross-eye." With age, the gradual development of the eye, "cross-eye" will disappear. It is worth mentioning that, some babies will be as a result of facial bones are in the development, the Department appears to nasion some relatively wide, it appears from the appearance as if the eyeball to the medial side, resulting in an illusion, and in fact the location of the eyeball or normal. Development of facial bones to be together, especially the eyes and nose, which will disappear false strabismus.
Exotropia known as "ramp looked down upon", the baby at an early stage and no symptoms, and gradually developed into a close look at two things uncomfortable. In order to avoid the eyes to see things askew eyes digital diplopia caused by, so close in the sun like an eye, as objects. In the spirit of the time not to concentrate or fatigue distance, and ran out of one eye that is outside the ramp.
Paralytic strabismus
This is a paralysis of ocular muscles, and some babies is a muscle paralysis, while others are multi-muscle, may be born with brain damage caused by forceps. Baby in order to see things clearly up often askew head to head with compensatory ocular movement can not be the direction of rotation can not compensate when one eye squint into.
The best treatment of how to grasp the opportunity?
Some babies may be in appearance strabismus can be seen at a glance, and some babies were not obvious or do not see, however, if early detection of strabismus and the best time to carry out treatment, your baby's life will be very important. Because once developed into a visually-impaired, when things did not look three-dimensional sense. Therefore, when the baby when the mother the following circumstances must not be taken lightly:
1, found that babies often excessive eye rubbing;
2, see things always close one eye, or turning Waitoushan head;
3, the number more than the blink of an eye, at the foot of the small things often trip;
4, look at things on a close object, can not see the near or distant objects;
5, the general complained that their baby can not see things, see things have ghosting (diplopia), when things look sick the past;
6, when the above issues, using a flashlight to look after your baby's eyes, the pupil is not found in the central spot. In addition, to cover the eyes with the palm of your hand compared to the turn, enables better examination results.
The so-called baby suffering from strabismus, no matter what kind, should be timely to see a doctor, the younger the better therapeutic effect, if the correction before the age of three, the two will be able to reach the normal level of visual function. Once the mature vision, surgical treatment is often poor, the majority of the treatment is only appearance, and visual function of the two difficult to achieve a very low normal.
Expert Tip: In order to ensure a healthy baby has a vision, even if no obvious abnormal eyes, my mother should be in the baby before 3 years old take him to the ophthalmologist, where the first eye examination done. In this way, it can be difficult to detect as early as possible those of strabismus and amblyopia found out the best treatment to avoid loss of time.

Congenital heart disease symptoms What are suspicious

※ cry low, hoarse voice, crying easily, or asthma after activities.
※ shortness of breath, inability to suck the breast, breast-feeding often cough, poor feeding occurred.
※ small appetite, stunted growth.
※ pale, irritability, sweating, intense activity or noisy cry weeks after the purple lips.
※ weak resistance, susceptible to colds, bronchitis and pneumonia and other diseases, and illness is not easy to resume after

Congenital heart disease symptoms What are suspicious

※ cry low, hoarse voice, crying easily, or asthma after activities.
※ shortness of breath, inability to suck the breast, breast-feeding often cough, poor feeding occurred.
※ small appetite, stunted growth.
※ pale, irritability, sweating, intense activity or noisy cry weeks after the purple lips.
※ weak resistance, susceptible to colds, bronchitis and pneumonia and other diseases, and illness is not easy to resume after

Infants and young children can not be eaten raw, after the fall of the production of honey

Honey can promote digestion and absorption, increase appetite, calm sleep and improve the body resistance, to promote growth and development of infants and young children have a positive effect.

However, when consumption of honey in a lot of stress, the taboo on eating honey, is generally known, but many people do not know, collect and process raw honey autumn also prone to poisoning.
Medical experts advise, settle a lot of plant pollen are toxic, this time more than collect and process the honey contains alkaloids toxic substances, it is taken directly for human consumption are easy to sell raw honey poisoning. According to experts, the natural world of plants can be divided into two major categories of non-toxic and toxic, non-toxic and more types of plants flowering in the spring, a shorter flowering period, and poisonous plants in the autumn after flowering. Collect and process the direct consumption of raw honey autumn, poisoning may occur, there dizziness headache, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, asthma, allergic symptoms such as skin, but will also affect the spirit and emotions, such as the impact of sleep. Many people like to buy are mining bee sold raw honey, but autumn has to collect and process the honey mature honey boiled before consumption. Infants and young children, because of gastrointestinal function is weak, poor liver detoxification, autumn honey is unfit for human consumption.

Able to adopt children ribs valgus posture?

Hallux ribs, the first is the relationship between calcium nutrition and more closely, if the child in the case of calcium deficiency, there is easier eversion ribs.

In addition, less than one-year-old child is the main abdominal breathing. We have such an experience, comparatively speaking, the smaller the child instead of getting a little hungry, so hungry that children too need to be mainly of abdominal breathing will have a little bit of mild valgus.
How to determine what caused this situation? First, over the extent of this very light, not heavy. Second, there is no protruding ribs, if the protruding ribs, the outer edge of the relatively heavy and may be compared to the situation in pathological larger.
In general, the ribs valgus position and hold the child's relationship is not very close. Because we have a child regardless of sideways hold, vertical hold, the position is often changed, so have the children in general will not cause valgus ribs. Take forward the child is correct, because: 1, when the forward hold, the children back will be against those who have children, so that the child's vision will be very open, very wide to see the scenery outside. 2, In addition, this position holds, the children have to rely on the back, front hand or hands together in front of mind, so that forces are dispersed, so children will not bear a particularly large local force. From this two points, the forward hold the child's posture is correct, will not give rise to skeletal deformity.

Khan may be a calcium deficiency and more babies

Summer love sweating baby to sleep, many parents did not think that it is caused by hot weather. HUANG Liu-ming, Peking University First Hospital pediatric doctor remind parents of infants and young children love sweating at night, in addition to the hot weather, but also is likely that calcium deficiency.

Sweating is the body's normal physiological function, but sometimes sweating is caused by certain diseases. After the baby fall asleep easier at night sweating, often wet vest or sheets, and easy to fall ill on a cold medicine, said the phenomenon of "sweating disease", is likely to be a manifestation of calcium deficiency children, belonging to rickets the early stages of disease manifestations, parents need to attach importance to this issue.
The original, in addition to the need for bone growth and development of calcium, the physical development of each system also requires the participation of calcium, calcium deficiency will self-regulating system of human disorders, arising from a series of neurological symptoms, sweating, hyperhidrosis is a common phenomenon. The characteristics of such a sweat as follows: more than 3 months occurred in infants aged -2; head hyperhidrosis, resulting in often shaking his head rubbed baby pillow, seriously, when a "bald pillow"; there, sweating and the room temperature, seasonal change has nothing to do; sweating more serious, sometimes wet blankets; with disturbed sleep at night, scared cry phenomenon. Hyperhidrosis children had symptoms of calcium deficiency may be up to three months.
Infants and young children the ability to cold and poor regulation, therefore, temperature change, children can easily lead to sweating. Both cases, how to identify it? First of all, the temperature does not have the sweating caused by calcium deficiency caused by the above-mentioned characteristics of sweating; In addition, healthy baby to sleep at night after the hyperhidrosis often took place in half an hour after falling asleep, the back can also be sweating chest; there , sweating more than non-serious, were not wet. Of course, the simplest way is to verify that children do go to the hospital for testing of blood calcium.

What normally takes vaccination?

The former are mainly used in dozens of vaccines, 12 kinds of infectious diseases can be prevented:

◆ measles vaccine: measles vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, vaccination response to relatively mild persistent immune good time after birth, vaccination, measles can be prevented. 
◆ polio vaccine (polio for short candy): candy is an oral polio vaccine preparation, white granular candy, immunization safety. After birth to take candy according to plan, to be effective in the prevention of poliomyelitis (polio). 
◆ DTP agents: is the pertussis vaccine, diphtheria toxoid refining and purification of tetanus toxoid blend at the same time the prevention of whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. 
◆ BCG: Mycobacterium bovis used made of non-toxic, safe and effective. After birth as planned immunization, prevention of TB is a reliable measure. 
◆ Japanese encephalitis vaccine: the Department of the Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis vaccine
Virus infection in hamster kidney cells, harvesting virus after cultivation liquid made from freeze-dried live attenuated vaccine for the prevention of Japanese encephalitis. 
◆ meningitis vaccine: The use of A meningococcus to chemical freeze-dried extract made from polysaccharide antigen. For the prevention of group A meningococcal epidemic caused by the use of cerebrospinal meningitis. 
◆ Hepatitis B vaccine: current use of blood with hepatitis B vaccine and two types of genetically engineered Hepatitis B vaccine, both for the prevention of hepatitis B.
◆ Hepatitis A vaccine: the Department of the human-friendly, with good immunogenicity of the hepatitis A virus vaccine strains by human diploid cells, cultured by the extraction and purification of soluble salt with amino acids in a balanced solution, with in the prevention of viral hepatitis. 
◆ mumps vaccine: the Department will reduce the strain of mumps virus vaccine of chicken embryo cells were cultivated, harvested virus solution produced after the freeze-dried. For the prevention of mumps. 
◆ rubella vaccine: the Department of rubella virus by using BPD Ⅱ strain infected cultured human diploid cells made of freeze-dried vaccine was dissolved orange clarity. For the prevention of rubella.

What exactly is chickenpox?

What is chicken pox
Varicella is commonly found in 2 ~ 10-year-old children, is an incidence of acute and highly infectious diseases. Chickenpox occurs in winter and spring, often arising from kindergarten or primary school pop.

How chickenpox infection
Pathogens chickenpox is varicella - zoster virus, present in the blood of patients, herpes and oral secretions of serous. Mainly through respiratory droplets spread by contact with dust contaminated by viruses, clothing, appliances, etc. may also be transmitted. This means that if the health of children and children suffering from chicken pox often play together, talk, be in close contact and the incidence of infection. Therefore, once suffering from chicken pox should be isolated, should not be completely cured prior to kindergarten or school. Even if patients come into contact with chicken pox in children, should also be isolated for observation 2 to 3 weeks. Because the virus is not immediately after the incidence, there are generally 14 to 17 days after the incubation period, the elderly up to three weeks.
Highly contagious chicken pox, the patient is the only source of infection, children with access to about 90% of incidence. And from day to all prior to the onset of the dry skin rash are infectious scab.
Symptoms of chicken pox
More acute onset, may have fever, fatigue, systemic symptoms such as loss of appetite, adult children than clear that the general 1 to 2 days, eruptive. First of all fat in the trunk, and gradually extended to the first face and limbs, showing concentric distribution, that is multi-trunk, lower limbs, face, hand, foot less. The beginning of the small red papules, a few hours later turned into blisters the size of mung bean, Zhou around to flush. Early blister-like water was clear, thin-walled break, accompanied by itching. After 2 to 3 days and dry scab, after the scab off and more, without leaving any scars. In the incidence of 3 to 5 days, the rash occurred one after another in batches, it can be seen at the same time papules, blisters, crusted lesions, such as different periods, the course of about 2 to 3 weeks.
Mouth, eyes combination of film, pharynx, vulva, such as mucosal damage can occur even also often accompanied by pain and the formation of ulcers.
The rash is not the better, as long as the rash in line with the general laws, some are more or less normal. Scratch blisters if secondary bacterial infection, skin necrosis can occur, and even give rise to septicemia. In addition, there may also be a small number of patients with varicella pneumonia, encephalitis, myocarditis, and complications such as purpura fulminans.
Traditional Chinese Medicine that the disease is an evil exopathic Reduqing when, in the skin caused by heat Yu.

Tongue sick baby "tell" you

"Out your tongue!" Children to see the doctor, this phrase is often said the doctor. Why? Because the tongue is not only a taste organ, by observing the tongue, but also determine what the children got sick.

Tongue can not speak, the color of its own, the state, but also to convey to you a lot of health information.
Hand, foot and mouth disease in children of oral herpes appear red and soon rupture of water into 2 ~ 3 mm, small ulcers in the tongue, gums, cheek, etc., resulting in children of oral pain, drooling, refusal to eat and so on, then the palm of your hand , plantar rash appears red, and some appeared to contain the middle of the vesicular fluid turbidity, the same rash can also appear on the buttocks. This is the "hand, foot and mouth disease" is infected with the Coxsackie virus.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a virus caused by intestinal infectious diseases, the vast majority of sick children to be around 7 ~ 10 days to heal. Because it is virus infection, there is no effective treatment in particular, can only be targeted for treatment for fever, alleviate pain, such as dealing with oral ulcer. Apart from the obvious infection, antibiotics for the treatment of hand, foot and mouth disease has no effect.
In general, the higher the child fever, fever, longer duration, the more serious condition. If it is found that the children have persistent high fever (over 39 ℃), vomiting, headache, shortness of breath, mental symptoms such as low, it is necessary to go to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible to prevent serious complications.
Thrush thrush read by bacteria infection caused by white, baby's tongue will be a whole layer of white coating. Thrush generally will not cause obvious pain, but the baby will suck the breast has been watered down. Babies suffering from thrush, it is necessary to pay attention to the regular disinfection of the bottle, and the natural air-dry. If it is breast-feeding, mother's nipple to keep dry.
Oral herpes oral herpes is one of the most common childhood viral infections, infectious high. HIV transmission to the first child, called primary herpes. Manifested as pain, gingival swelling and redness, as well as an increase in saliva secretion. 1 to 2 days thereafter oral blisters appear. Blisters rupture and leave behind the pain left the region completely healed in a few days. Performance of children with mild low heat for about a week, headache, decreased appetite, swollen lymph nodes. However, many symptoms of minor children.
Within 6 months of the baby have the antibodies in breast milk, few infections, but the incidence of subsequent rise. Once the infected children will be referred to as virus carriers, which means that the body remains inactive the virus, the child has oral injuries, infections or other allergies, fatigue, the virus will be re-activated, leading to secondary infection, but symptoms of primary infection to light.
Herpes is not a serious illness, but children will be uncomfortable, so think of ways to alleviate the suffering of children. Can give the child to eat soft, non-stimulating diet. Do not use the drug coated with hormones, because hormones will lead to the spread of the virus.
Tongue map is a map of the tongue occurred in the tongue mucosa of chronic superficial exfoliative marginal glossitis. Lesions because of its regular performance of the different parts of the blade of tongue, and transform the size and shape, with migratory characteristics, also known as migratory glossitis. The main performance is the surface of filamentous nipple exfoliative tongue to form a red irregular concave area, and around many of the yellow-white thickening uplift, clear edge, the shape of the map, so the tongue is called map.
General map of the tongue was particularly prevalent in the frail infant, at present not very clear cause. Some people think that with the intestinal parasites or disorders of the gastrointestinal tract; It was also suggested that children do not sound nervous system development, emotional fluctuations; also some children's parents also suffered from too tongue map, so the performance of a certain degree of genetic sexual. Map of the tongue in general no obvious symptoms, not pain, not itch, does not affect appetite, only a small number of children eating irritating food with some discomfort, so it does not require treatment, but should pay attention to oral hygiene. In fact, this disease have a certain self-limiting, that is, exfoliative tongue filiform papilla of the self-recovery, so that the surface of the tongue mucosa completely back to normal, but still intermittent seizures, and some may be as long as the course for several years, even up to adult . However, most children can be self-healing with age.

Ascariasis epidemiology

The distribution of Ascaris lumbricoides was the world, especially in warm, humid conditions and health of the region, people are more commonly infected.

1. The larval stage disease: a result of fever, cough, asthma, and blood eosinophils increased the proportion of clinical symptoms.
2. Adult disease:
a. Patients with frequent loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, as well as the performance of intermittent pain.
b. may be urticaria, skin itching, angioneurotic edema, and conjunctivitis.
c. sudden right upper quadrant colic, and right shoulder, back and lower abdominal radiation. Intermittent pain was intensified, accompanied by nausea, vomiting and so on.
Stools of patients with self-check out the egg, can be diagnosed. Can not find out on the stool in the egg, and clinical manifestations of ascariasis suspected, the diagnosis can be de-worming treatment, according to patients from the form of body for identification. Suspected pulmonary ascariasis ascarid larvae or hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by the patients can be diagnosed Ascaris sputum examination.

Against children without burning hot fire rather than

For children under the age of 3, fever can be said to be routine. Baby watch down the body temperature down, so their parents can not help but feel nervous. However, some parents are not quite sure, there is sometimes a false impression of children with fever, parents should learn to be treated differently.

Oral ulcer cause high fever returned
Two-year-old girl suddenly developed a Jennifer, not to reclaim a high fever for a few days. Anxious parents thought she was cold, and sent to the hospital only to find it is the children suddenly grow oral ulcers caused by a high fever not to reclaim her.
Autumn is such a high infection period, the children with fever so often 5 to 7 days, at the same time will appear pale, emotional instability, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and other abnormalities. Because of individual differences in children, there will still be the performance of heat very different film their limbs, hands and touch the forehead, often mistakenly believe that children do not have fever, it is best to touch the chest and abdomen, whichever is feeling. This type of viral infection are often complicated by bacterial infection should be given antiviral drugs and antibiotics in the treatment of double.
Hand, Foot and cold fever have
Children may have a high fever due to cold, hand, foot and feels it can feel cold until the temperature decreased, the hand-foot skin heat up only slowly. This is really a pseudo-cold-hot phenomenon, 3 years of age, especially infants and young children mostly.
Leave the cold really hot due mainly to children, especially infants less than visceral blood limbs, due to insufficient blood supply, limb itself easier to cold than adults. Many parents do not understand this situation, I found that children with cold extremities, on the common misconception that children catch cold cold, thick clothing immediately quilt with the child wrapped tightly together, the results of children not in time of divergence heat, body temperature more or higher, or even febrile seizures or "heat stroke" phenomenon.
Therefore, the children experienced hand-foot-cold, if the clothes worn by children and a lot of, they should think of fever may be an illusion can be used when measuring a child's body temperature thermometer; such as the time could not find thermometer, Children can touch the chest and abdomen with his hands and arms, or face-to-face feeling of warm breath child degrees.
In fact, the body temperature did not break or burn
Children in high-temperature environment, or movement after temperature fluctuations often occur. If only short-term temperature fluctuations in body temperature between 37.5-38.0 ℃, and no other abnormal performance, parents can continue to observe the child's body temperature changes in general do not do anything to deal with.

Parents of children with hand, foot and mouth care

Children infected with hand, foot and mouth disease, the how to care for? According to experts in our province, after the sick child should stay at home until the fever, rash and blisters scab dissipated. Isolation will normally take two weeks.

Recently, hand, foot and mouth disease caused great concern. The disease is caused by the intestinal virus common in infants, frequently-occurring disease, spread mainly through close contact, respiratory droplets spread by contact with fluid herpes contaminated food, utensils and other digestive tract can also be indirectly infected.
Children infected with hand, foot and mouth disease, the how to care for? According to experts in our province, after the sick child should stay at home until the fever, rash and blisters scab dissipated. Isolation will normally take two weeks.
Children come into contact with the toys, utensils or other supplies should be disinfected, chlorine commonly used disinfectant in water and boiled disinfection. Not cooking or soaking the items can be placed in sunlight exposure. The faeces of children subject to the disinfectant chlorine disinfection dumping two hours later.
Kids bedroom should be fresh air, daily disinfection of air. Room personnel should avoid excessive smoking, to prevent foul air, secondary infection.
Children should stay in bed for a week, more than drinking water temperature. Children with fever, oral herpes, poor appetite, food should be light, tasty, digestible, oral erosion can have some liquid food to eat, fasting cold, spicy, salty food, such as irritation.
Maintain oral hygiene, prevention of secondary bacterial infection, gargle with warm water for each meal. When there is erosion of oral aureomycin Tu, cod liver oil to promote healing of erosion at an early date.
In addition, the hand, foot and mouth disease in the early grades disorder caused by the intestinal flora, family members can use a number of agents containing prebiotics drugs, such as bacteria to promote health, medicinal, an improvement of the environment the child's intestinal flora, improve intestinal immunity.

Herpetic stomatitis recurrent regular

Herpetic stomatitis mainly caused by a virus for the herpes simplex infection, more common in babies under 5 years of age, especially 6 months to 2-year-old child was found, occurred in the body more resistant to low. The self-limiting disease, antibiotic treatment does not work, but the incidence of easily repeated.

Symptoms
1, often prior to the onset of 2 to 3 days fever, increased saliva, irritability, crying, poor feeding or acute respiratory infections, such as the history of the performance of infectious disease.
2, incidence of acute and body temperature quickly rose to around 40 ℃, anxiety irritable baby, crying because of pain, poor feeding, followed by oral mucosal hyperemia, edema, in the lips, cheek, tongue, etc. appear transparent needle-sized blisters, scattered or dense clusters, blisters may form in a few hours later ulceration ulcers, and integration into larger irregular edge of the ulcer-chip surface, the surface covered by yellow-white pseudome.
3, lip-week incidence of skin, the first emergence of erythema, burning, itching feeling, followed by clusters of diameter 2 to 3 mm blister. Blisters soon rupture, drying to form a yellow crust fanatic or blood, the last scab fell off and healed skin. The disease re-infection after cure, but to alleviate symptoms.
Treatment of the main points
1, there is no specific therapy, symptomatic treatment is mainly to maintain oral hygiene, full bed rest. Baby fever may be cooling, as appropriate, to give sedation drugs, appropriate antibiotics can prevent secondary infection.
2, to give easy to digest high-calorie food and high-dose vitamin C and vitamin complex B, in order to promote healing. Severe pain also can be used before eating local dicaine 1% applied to the lesion or 1% procaine solution rinse.
Home care
1, a clean mouth
With cotton dipped in cold water or saline, or 0.05% potassium permanganate solution, or 3% of the boric acid water, wash several times a day for the baby.
2, local administration
After cleansing apply gentian violet for the baby. It would not be appropriate for drug-coated meal, action should be gentle, rapid, accurate, and to minimize the suffering of children in order to avoid the psychological fear, refused treatment and the impact of feeding.
3, diet
Supply baby mild liquid or semi-liquid diet. Food should be nutritious and pay attention to color, flavor and taste of the deployment in order to promote your baby's appetite. At the same time, anti-irritant to the baby to eat food, not overheated, over-acid, so as to alleviate the pain.
4, enhanced resistance
Physical exercise to strengthen and enhance physical fitness and enhance the body resistance.

Antipyretics can not eat do not eat on

According to experts, is a kind of anti-fever medicines by regulating the human machine can make the body surface vasodilator, which means the process of sweating, such as increased heat dissipation, while inhibition of shivering, so that the body of drugs to reduce heat production. It can effectively control the fever, so that the body temperature lower, but you can not root out the causes of fever caused. There are many diseases fever is one of the symptoms, treatment of fever patients regardless of the cause is the use of anti-fever drugs will not work.

Toxic side-effects of anti-fever medicine.
Very commonly used anti-fever drugs, but its toxicity is also common. Such as drug eruption, gastrointestinal reactions, blood system response and function of liver and kidney damage, especially when long-standing use or excessive use of such drugs, the more significant side effects. Therefore, the use of anti-fever medicine must be careful, the basic principle should be able to eat do not eat as much as possible. Principles of family medicine
1. Not drugs of unknown etiology
Fever of unknown etiology can not be used indiscriminately antipyretics, especially early in the heat can not be used indiscriminately, so as to avoid interfering with drug fever caused by misdiagnosis of the original law.
2. Short-term drug-free low-grade fever
Low-grade fever usually refers to the body temperature below 38.5 ℃ in a fever, the temperature rise in the children almost do not see any abnormalities, while in adults is often caused by the response does not clear.
3. Outbreaks of high fever medicine used with caution
When the patients significantly increased the body temperature of around 40 ℃, the use of antipyretics great care must be taken for such patients need to reduce the amount of each drug, drug with caution.
4. Early diagnosis and treatment of fever in children
Children different from adults, their general response to low-grade fever is often not obvious, but its body temperature rise quickly, often perfectly good afternoon, at night, but Rising heat. Therefore, the child develops a high fever must pay sufficient attention to, even low-grade fever treatment should also be timely and shall be equipped with some of the temporary use of the anti-fever drugs, in order to avoid loss when the night Rising high.
5. Taking the water during the
Would give rise to all the anti-fever drugs the patient sweating, which is to increase the body heat, so that the performance of one of lower temperature, a process that patients often consume more energy, water and water-soluble vitamins, therefore patients with fever during the period in the use of antipyretics should be water, in particular, drinking more sugar, while oral B vitamins and vitamin C, which are conducive to the rehabilitation of patients with bodily functions. Did not use anti-fever drug fever patients should also be added to drinking water and more water-soluble vitamins, to help the body through self-regulation to reduce body temperature.
6. If necessary, supplemented by physical cooling
40 ℃ for more than a number of persistent high fever patients, in the use of antipyretics, cooling can be supplemented by physical methods in order to prevent further deterioration of power due to cramps or unconscious patients. Specific methods are: the use of impermeable plastic bag filled with ice water or cold water, respectively, will be placed in the patient's head and neck and under the armpit, with the Department of the thigh, chest and other parts of the great vessels after, when conditions permit can also be used with diluted semen alcohol sponge bath for the body to speed up the body heat, control the progression of the disease.

Child safety, anti-fever, selected drugs have know-how

In recent days, the fever began to grown children. Anti-fever medicine, I am afraid that most of the family standing is one of the drugs, then the safest kind of anti-fever drugs? How to use it?
Acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) trade names are: Tylenol,咛100, Angaur hot.
10 kg to 15 mg / time, although anti-fever effect quickly, but control the time the body temperature must be short compared with other drugs, the average control time for about two hours. Its side effects are relatively small, it is safe. At present, widely used around the world, clinical, and children under the age of 2 are used to the drug.

But bearing in mind that the drug has a clear dose-dependent, that is, an increase in efficacy with the dose increased, so to prevent excessive application of the drug caused liver damage.
Ibuprofen trade names are: Merrill Lynch, Tian Qian, Chen Yan-gong, etc. again. Drug and acetaminophen are recommended by the World Health Organization to the children of two antipyretics. Usage: oral 5 ~ 10mg / kg body weight times, 6 to 8 hours 1.
Characteristics: a stable and lasting fever, fever of up to eight hours duration. And its heat (39OC and above) than the anti-fever acetaminophen strong, lasted for a long time.
The main side effects: Mild gastrointestinal reactions, transaminase increased, dual function can affect blood coagulation. Excessive use may inhibit the central nervous system, such as epileptic seizures. Therefore, the drug clinically used for more than 3-year-old children with high fever.
Nimesulide in Italy in 1985 and successfully developed a new type of listing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic drug. At present, sales of China's market. Although there will be reported in the literature of nimesulide and ibuprofen were compared, highlighting the advantages of the digestive system is less adverse reactions, but an increasing number of applications reported in the literature that nimesulide has caused severe cases of liver damage.
Aspirin in clinical practice has been not used for anti-fever treatment, only for some special diseases such as Kawasaki disease and so on. Since the 20th century, 70 years, medical scientists found that children with the drug can cause Reye syndrome.
Analgin because of its obvious adverse reactions, which was less used. However, some clinics are still small children, and parents to pay attention to.
The drug is a compound with aspirin lysine salt, can be used for intravenous and intramuscular injection, quick onset, efficacy, and oral and avoid aspirin and ibuprofen on the gastrointestinal tract irritation. Antipyretic effect of the drug, and take effect rapidly, the role of relaxation and long-lasting and less side effects, can be used as a common pediatric antipyretic drugs. However, long-term application may trigger Reye syndrome, and some can induce anaphylactic shock and severe asthma attack.
Usually, when children temperature above 38. 5OC, the doctors suggested that anti-fever drugs, because a fever is the body's defense response, the appropriate human body heat can help to eradicate the virus and bacteria. In addition, care should be taken to deal with anti-fever is only symptomatic treatment based on the cause of anti-fever drug use is relatively safe.