What is the antibiotic

Generally refers to antibiotics by bacteria, mold or other micro-organisms in the reproductive process, and can kill or inhibit other micro-organisms and their derivatives for a class of substances for the treatment of sensitive microorganisms (usually bacteria or fungi) caused by infection . At present, clinical application of antibiotics mainly the following categories:

1, penicillin categories: for the first clinical use of antibiotics, high efficacy, low toxicity. The main role is to make the cell wall of susceptible bacteria growth disorders, caused by his death. , And mammalian cells without cell walls, so the effective antimicrobial concentrations of penicillin, and mammalian cells, the body had no effect on a few calls, and fewer side effects on the human body. Commonly used clinical drugs penicillin are: penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin (, such as oxacillin.
2, Cephalosporins: Since this type of antibiotics used in clinical since 60s, the rapid development of the increasingly widespread application. Habits on the basis of time and the role of bacteria, are divided into first, second and third generations. Commonly used are: cephalexin (Vanguard ADM Ⅳ), cefazolin (Vanguard ADM Ⅴ), cephradine (Vanguard ADM Ⅵ), cefuroxime (West edge Yan), ceftriaxone (Rocephin), cefotaxime, cefoperazone (Pioneer will) and so on.
3, Aminoglycosides: The nature of the stability of antibiotics, anti-bacterial & P Canton, in the presence of oxygen, the effect on sensitive bacteria kill. Its therapeutic index (therapeutic dose / toxic dose) is lower than other antibiotics, the most common adverse reactions is ototoxicity. Commonly used are as follows: streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin sp element, such as amikacin.
4, Macrolides: This type of antibiotics are 12-16 carbon contains a large lactone ring to antibacterial agents, applies only to mild to moderate infections, but currently one of the safest antibiotics. Erythromycin on behalf of class-based, clinical application of a wide range of allergy to penicillin often the treatment of the goods. In recent years, developed many new varieties, a significant clinical effect, such as azithromycin (special TELI, Zithromax), clarithromycin, Luo its vancomycin, and erythromycin, etc.. There are commonly used Midecamycin, spiramycin, josamycin and so on.
5, tetracyclines include: Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline and so on. The antibiotics can be deposited in developing bones and teeth, the repeated use can lead to dysplasia of bone, teeth stained yellow, enamel dysplasia, since the mid-pregnancy to 3 years old, the risks are greatest, and sustainable or even to 7-year-old a long time, so pregnant women, lactating women and disabled children under the age of 8.
6, chloramphenicol categories: the category of antibiotics is characterized by high fat-soluble, easy to enter the cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue, and many pathogens effectively, but can be induced aplastic anemia, the application subject to certain restrictions. Including chloramphenicol, chloramphenicol succinate and so on.
7, Lincomycin lactams: include lincomycin, clindamycin and so on.
8, peptide and other antibiotics: antibiotics the structure of the complex, difficult to classify according to structural characteristics, such as vancomycin, polymyxin E, fosfomycin, such as nystatin.
There are a number of broad clinical application of synthetic antibacterial drugs, mainly sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, etc.), quinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, etc.) and other synthetic antimicrobial agents (Furazolidone, Metronidazole, berberine, etc.).