How should the prevention of influenza in children?

A source of infection and transmission as the main source of infection in patients, especially patients and latent infection of light play an important role, because they can not easily be found in wide range of activities. Healthy HIV-infected few and short row, so do not play in the dissemination of the disease on the end of incubation period have been made from the respiratory secretions of patients discharged virus through droplets spread directly from person to person. Most contagious in the onset of fever within 3 days or a week later returned most of the virus is no longer exclusive. Droplets contaminated hands, utensils, clothing and other indirect transmission may also occur, but the survival of influenza virus in the air less than 30 minutes, so not much chance for the spread has been confirmed from the antigen on animals (pigs, horses, birds) and human influenza viruses it is homologous influenza virus animal influenza can be transmitted to people, but most of them start as early in the epidemic spread of the distance factor or play a role.

2 immune human influenza viruses are generally susceptible, infected by the same virus immunity, but to maintain a short time only 8 to 12 months, no more than 2 years. Between various types and subtypes of non-cross variation of influenza A virus immunity and more. So often repeated human influenza, and easy to cause epidemic ① systemic resistance: the level of specific antibodies in the blood, neutralizing antibody and HI antibody levels often parallel, 2 weeks after the disease reached a peak and then decreasing, 8 disease after 12 months fell to the level before. Antibodies from the blood and secretions can be infiltrated into tissue to prevent the virus from invading and reproductive role. Neonatal passive immunity can be obtained from the mother, 2 to 3 months significantly decreased from 7 months to disappear.由于 different age groups of children in contact with different strains of influenza virus in their blood cells in the immune antibody in different aspects of Gou Cheng Ye Yi Zhengshiganran Hou NK cell activity increased lethality and interferon; ② Jubu resistance: majority of infections of the respiratory tract surface local Zhanmo infection, the virus does not invade the bloodstream, short incubation and the role of serum antibodies to prevent infection is limited, and not lasting, so the more important local immunity local mucosal secretion soon after infection by virus-specific SIgA, against the viruses, since major partial protective effect of addition, the local inflammatory response occurs, mucosal secretions increase cilia movement faster, excluded from the non-specific effects of the virus. And partial airway epithelial cells infected with the virus shortly after the virus does not easily damage the abnormal re-invasion, also play a protective effect.

Children and adolescents aged 3 to more than pneumoconiotic to 5 to 20 years of age the highest incidence. 4 to 5 months of age infected infants less when the new subtype caused a pandemic, the incidence rate of all age groups close to, but still 5 to 14 years for the multi-infection in children by almost 50%. In the local epidemic years, the general population infection rate of about 10% in children and the elderly, pregnant women, easy to get severe, high mortality of influenza B, hepatitis C patients are also more than a child, it was reported 10 years ago Most of the children had suffered Hepatitis C influenza.

4 seasons in temperate and boreal general influenza epidemic in Dongmochunchu winter epidemic serious condition, any season of tropical and subtropical areas during the rainy season can be popular but are more popular in the summer can be a pandemic, such as the 1968 Beijing 7 Shanghai Summer 1981 on popular popular.

5 popular features of influenza infection can was a small epidemic, endemic, and even the world of a pandemic outbreak. Most of pandemic influenza virus antigen by the mutation caused the emergence of new subtypes. In the past about every 10 to 15 years is a rather small compared to popular and local popular due to antigen quantity, occurred in 2 to 3 years once the local pop-based influenza B to about 4 to 7 years away from a place, hepatitis C influenza is often disseminated. Influenza pandemic is characterized by sudden onset of the largest and rapidly spread usually spread along the rail or road line, the first city after the countryside, after the first group scattered populated areas, crowded places spread fast, worldwide pandemic could spread to a few in the short term Chau has been documented since the 18th century, there were 7 in the world of a pandemic, the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century trend of influenza virus variants were H2N2 → H3N3 → H1N1 process, 80 since Zeyi A3 (H3N2) and the new A-1 ( H1N1) also exist in the world, a country with a main room with a 3 and B-type; South Africa and New Zealand Zeyi A 3-based. Since the late 70s, but the pandemic did not occur every year, local popularity, Department of antigen caused a small quantity, such as 3 Hong Kong in 1968, found a strain (H3N2) spreading around the world after a pandemic was caused by variation of strains in various parts of the . 70 years in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific pop, Sichuan and Shanghai in 1987 are new strains isolated from 1989 to 1990, Japan also took place in the national pandemic. Northern China in 1977 to discover new A 1 (H1N1) in 1978 after the Soviet Union, Brazil, Chile, 1980, the United Kingdom in 1983, 1986, China and Taiwan have the new isolates. A 3 have been popular 20 years 10 years A-1 epidemic, when a new subtype are among the countries to closely monitor and watch. In recent years, influenza B and C were distributed mostly in Europe, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C in the United States, but also were popular, such as beta in early 1990 epidemic in Japan.

Influenza pandemic, mortality and prevalence of various regions, economic and cultural, social conditions are closely related to about 50 ~ 100/10 million to children and the elderly are more rural edge of poverty in backward areas than in urban developed areas, fatality rate of about 0.2%

Influenza epidemic monitoring network set up to closely monitor influenza pandemic, a virus variant, and population immunity to patients through early detection and timely report predicted epidemic disease occurrence and trends, as soon as possible to take appropriate preventive measures. Through antigenic variation of influenza viruses throughout the monitoring will be the latest variant, including the preparation of the vaccine can improve the immune effect, prevent the new variant strain of pop. WHO has since 1947 in the establishment of a global influenza monitoring network around the world on pandemic influenza prevention play an important role.

Patients should be isolated disinfection of sick children should stay at home for a long time the collective incidence of nurseries may isolate the rest, to reduce the spread of opportunities for independent living room should, fresh air, sunlight respiratory secretions (pus, sputum, etc.) with 3% chloramine solution or 10% to 20% bleaching powder emulsion disinfection equipment boiling or soaking with 0.5% peracetic acid 15 to 30 minutes, clothing, fumigation with ethylene oxide sterilization 12 to 24 hours, sick child from the room used by 0.2% after 5 % bleaching powder mix with clean furniture, spraying the ground for ventilation, ultraviolet radiation, can still make final disinfection room sealed with lactic acid or ethylene oxide fumigation, care, maintenance personnel should wear masks for clothes and shoes out of ground water flowing soap or 0.5% peracetic acid immersion hand.

Should be widely popular during the transmission of influenza to the public on prevention methods as little as possible with children to crowded public places, and focus on fewer patients to hospital out-patient clinics where medical consultation, if necessary, or even stop to nurseries and kindergartens to suspend classes to promote children out wear a mask. Bedroom window several times a day ventilation

An application of vaccination influenza vaccine has been in reducing the incidence play a role, but in terms of controlling the epidemic are not enough good vaccine currently used inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated vaccines Class 2. Inactivated vaccine produced by subcutaneous injection so that the body automatically immune, but the preparation can be made more complex A, B and other viruses with the combined vaccine, serum antibody production price of your good effect, but also improve the local antibody. Subcutaneous injection of inactivated vaccine, children aged 2 each 0.5 ~ 1ml, separated by 6 to 8 months, a year after the autumn to strengthen two weeks after vaccination increased antibody peaked at 4 to 5 months to 1 / 3, the general one years after the disappearance of so effective protection for 1 / 2 to 1 year. Small side, so especially for infants and young children the elderly, pregnant women and the infirm suffer from heart, lung and kidney disease, diabetes. There are currently concentrated purified vaccine, subunit vaccine adjuvant vaccine, fewer side effects. Live attenuated vaccine used in the chicken embryo allantoic fluid or tissue culture in many passages of live attenuated influenza virus vaccination in the respiratory mucosa, resulting from auto-immune breeding. Most of the vaccine prepared with relatively simple unit influenza virus, with the nasal spray method (each side of the 0.25ml) or chlorine sol method for aerosol vaccination. After inoculation, an increase in both serum and local antibody protection is also a 1 / 2 to 1, the reported incidence rate of the domestic 50% to 70%. Vaccine made from desiccant in cold or fever after vaccination and respiratory symptoms, usually mild, but in the absence of basic immune response to heavy so those infants, the elderly, pregnant women, heart, kidneys, lungs, nervous system, diabetes and other chronic patients and , immunocompromised patients with disabling live attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine is available if necessary

2 has a more positive drug prevention amantadine (amantadine) have a preventive effect against influenza A, influenza B was invalid. The drug can inhibit the influenza virus into the strip process to prevent its host cell, it can play a preventive role. Taken immediately after exposure to the virus in the best dose of 1 to 9-year-old children 4mg / (kg · d), orally 2 times the maximum daily amount of not more than 150mg 9 years old with adult daily dose is 0.1g 2. Protection rate of up to 50% to 70%, even excitement can lead to insomnia, dizziness, or ataxia, it is suffering from epilepsy, central nervous system cardiovascular disease patients and pregnant women, nursing mothers Jiyong. Methyl amantadine and amantadine against influenza virus spiral effect was stronger than amantadine addition, ribavirin (Ribavirin), who have a certain effect of exogenous interferon can still be used during the prevalence of 1:2000, or 10% of the Eucalyptus Nitrofurazone Ye intranasal solution, spraying the throat for prevention purposes. Chinese herbal medicine Guanzhong Isatidis, Radix, Radix honeysuckle think can be used as preventive.

Usually focus on physical exercise and nutrition should be the prevention of rickets and malnutrition. Winter indoor air should be fresh, to keep room temperature constant over the outdoor sunny Department activities and to strengthen capacity of the body cold.

The severity of disease prognosis in patients with epidemic year of age, immune status and complications closely related to the epidemic and whether any complications closely related to the epidemic spread widely and weight, higher mortality, more common with severe early epidemic for the elderly, in Young children, pregnant women and the infirm prone to lower respiratory complications such as secondary bacterial pneumonia, while severe illness, prolonged course hazard to life, so prevention should be focused on this population.